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J. HORNELL ON 



rigger dhonis of Ceylon, and the masula boats of the East Coast. When larger boats 

 become necessary, the model of the built-up dug-out was followed and this design is 

 now seen in the round-sterned pattamars of the present day. Such boats being 

 beamy had no need for a steadying outrigger. 



In the extreme south of India and in Ceylon, a different basal design appears to 

 have existed for cargo carriers. In this area the boats employed for transport work, 

 as apart from catamarans which are solely fishing craft, appear undoubtedly to have 

 been of two kinds, either true single outrigger vessels of the Polynesian type, or the 

 modified balance-board design which has been evolved therefrom. Both of these types 



Fig. 28 — A large Javanese outrigger ship of 8th or gth century A.D., showing the double form of 

 mast and the quarter steering oar in a trunkway. Restored from the Boro Budur sculptures Java. 

 (Original.) 



are still to be found in Palk Strait and on the coast of Ceylon, the former running 

 to 50 to 70 tons capacity, the latter to about 30 tons. The true outrigger type is by 

 far the more numerous and the more widely dispersed in India, as I have seen canoes 

 and boats of this construction at frequent intervals from Sind in the north-west, down 

 the Bombay coast to Mangalore and again from Ceylon in the south to Cuddalore and 

 Kille (Cauveri River) on the East Coast. The balance-board modification I know 

 in two localities only — the one being Palk Bay, the other the vicinity of Cocanada 

 (Kalinga coast). 



Very significant in this connection is the fact that several of the sculptured 



