220 



J. HORNELL ON 



A point of much importance in these representations is that the masts are com- 

 pound, being double or twin in form ; they consist of two spars stepped some feet 

 apart, but incHned so that their upper ends eventually meet. So far as we know 

 this design has never been used in India, but the double mast is in use in Burma, 

 while a variant in the form of a tripod still persists in the Celebes and Moluccas. 

 Some sculptures have numerous rungs or cross-bars attached, such as are seen 

 to-day in the big Macassar praus and in up-couuty Burmese lighters on the 

 Irrawaddy. The simple A-form is noteworthy as the mast design seen in ancient 

 Egyptian ships from the 3rd to the nth dynasties. 



Fig. 29. — Restoration of a small Javanese outrigger ship of about 8th or 9th century A.D. From the 



Boro Budur sculptures, Java. (Original). 



This peculiar compound mast (now indicated for the first time) together with 

 the two rudders set in trunkways, are the weightiest arguments I know against the 

 inference that the Boro Budur scenes referred to, depict the arrival of Indian ships 

 in Java.' I can find no survival or suggestion anywhere of compound masts or of 

 rudder trunkways having ever been used on the Indian Coast. Very important evi- 

 dence on the former point is furnished by the ship-coins of the Andhras, dating 



1 Rawlinson's frontispiece "A Hindu ship arriving at Java" and Mukerji's similar one entitled " Indian adven- 

 turers sailing out to colonize Java." 



