1490 



ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 



orange. Occasionally in seasons of con- 

 siderable early rain this trouble becomes 

 quite abundant, but it is not usually a 

 serious matter. 



Puffing 



Characterized by a condition of the 

 rind indicated by the above name. The 

 surface of the fruit becomes rough and 

 uneven, due to a spongy condition of the 

 rind. The whole orange becomes soft 

 and structureless with an unnatural 

 sweetness. 



This trouble varies with the season 

 and appears to be connected with soil 

 moisture conditions. 



Root Rot. See Apple Diseases. 



Scaly Bark or IVailhead Rust 



Characterized by the appearance of 

 scaly areas of bark on the trunk or 

 branches, the outer bark rising in scales 

 from the inner. Small drops of gum 

 exude in spots on the affected portion, 

 which gradually spreads. Affected limbs 

 die back slowly but new growth keeps 

 taking their place and the tree lives for 

 many years in an unhealthy condition. 



This trouble apparently originates in 

 an irregular moisture condition of the 



soil. 



The worst affected trees can not be 

 saved, but should be dug out and re- 

 placed. Trees where the disease exists 

 only on the branches will recover if 

 affected parts are cut off. In case the 

 scaly bark is on the trunk and the patch 

 is not too large the diseased portion 

 should be cut out to healthy bark and 

 the wound painted over. Such cases will 

 almost invariably heal completely. 



If the trunk is badly affected, but the 

 tree in fairly good condition, the scaly 

 surface bark should be scraped off and 

 several slits cut through the affected 

 area. The scaly part may then be painted 

 over with pure neatsfoot oil. linseed oil, 

 10 per cent caustic soda or potash solu- 

 tion, or kerosene oil. 



The soil about the tree should be thor- 

 oughly dug up and the application of oil 

 or whatever is used repeated about once 

 a month for several months. This dis- 

 ease, as well as the last, is not contagious 



and no infection need be feared to neigh- 

 boring trees. 



Shoulder Spot — Stem-End Spot 



A dry, brown, dead spot or area de- 

 velops upon the orange about the stem 

 end or at one side of the latter on the 

 "shoulder" of the fruit. These spots are 

 primarily dry and not of the nature ot 

 decay, but they often become infected 

 with blue mold or other fungi. Often, 

 too, they are covered with a growth of a 

 na(Josp07^ium fungus, which forms an 

 almost black mold upon the surface. 

 These spots may also become infected 

 with the wither-tip fungus. This form 

 of spot or deterioration at the stem end 

 of the orange occurs only in old fruit, 

 most commonly in the last Washington 

 Navels of the season. It is especially 

 abundant in seasons following years of 

 exceptional drouth, particularly when 

 the fall rains are very late in commenc- 

 ing. The normal deterioration of the 

 orange when its physiological life is 

 ended begins at the stem end and the 

 present trouble appears to be simply a 

 somewhat premature death of the tissue, 

 owing to the age and weakness of the 

 fruit. This is made more pronounced, as 

 has just been suggested, by a long, dry 

 season during the preceding fall, which 

 weakens the tree and thus reduces the 

 vitality and length of life of the fruit. 



Splitting!" 



The fruit cracks and splits on the 

 tree before maturity. Varies from year 

 to year in abundance. Apparently caused 

 by climatic or seasonal conditions caus- 

 ing irregularity in the growth of the 

 fruit. 



Stain 



A discolored, darkened condition of 

 the rind developing after the fruit has 

 been picked. Occurrence apparently con- 

 fined to fruit which has been subjected 

 to low temperatures, either in transit or 

 cold storage. 



Stem-Bni> Spot. See Bhotmer Bpot. 

 this section. 



Tear Stain. See Wither Tip. this sec- 

 tion. 



