696 
year’s shipments. As our crops increase, 
it will be necessary to extend this ad- 
vertising in various other ways at greater 
cost, but with increasing shipments in the 
exchange this is entirely practicable at 
only slight expense to any grower. We 
feel confident in predicting that there is 
no danger of overproduction of good fruit 
if the growers unite in the advertising, 
distribution, and sale of their oranges 
and lemons after they have grown them. 
In obtaining packing supplies, the sav- 
ings that have been made through the 
operations of the Fruit Growers’ Supply 
Company, which is owned by exchange 
growers, are something over a half mil- 
lion dollars per year, as compared with 
conditions that formerly prevailed. The 
supply company is now giving its atten- 
tion to the purchase of fertilizers and 
other orchard supplies, with a probable 
ultimate saving in sight which will equal 
or exceed what has already been done 
with reference to packing house supplies. 
It might be of interest to know that in 
six seasons the exchange sold for its 
growers 38,962,008 boxes of oranges and 
lemons, for which it received $69,873,137.45 
net cash f.0.b. California, or an average 
of $1.79 per box for every box handled, 
with a loss of less than $6,000 for failure 
to collect during the entire period. 
The contrast is clearly drawn between 
conditions in 1892 when disaster resulted 
from individual action in marketing a 
crop of only 4,000 cars, and fair prices 
this season, through co-operative market- 
ing of 60 per cent of a crop of 50,000 cars 
of citrus fruits. 
A summary of the benefits realized to 
the citrus fruit industry through organ- 
ized co-operation is about as follows: 
1. The cost of packing, as compared 
with 1892, has been reduced to all grow- 
ers more than 10 cents per box; a saving 
of $2,000,000 annually on the present out- 
put. 
2. The cost of selling has been reduced 
more than five cents per box in the same 
period; a saving annually of more than 
$1,000,000. 
3. The orange freight rate has been re- 
duced seven cents per box: a saving on 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
the present output of more than $1,200,000 
annually. 
4, The lemon freight rate has been re- 
duced 21 cents per box; a saving on the 
present output of more than $500,000 an- 
nually. 
5. Through reduction of refrigeration 
cost, the growers will finally save $500,000 
annually by the recent decision of the 
Interstate Commerce Commission. 
6. The cost of orchard supplies, par- 
ticularly fertilizers, is being materially re- 
duced through the operations of the Grow- 
ers’ Supply Company, with ultimate sav- 
ings of $500,000 in sight. 
7. Through extended advertising, the 
consumption of citrus fruits has been in- 
creased to keep pace with production, 
thus avoiding disastrous results in years 
of large crops, insuring to the grower a 
fair price for his product, while the con- 
sumer is obtaining his oranges and lemons 
cheaper than ever before. 
The conclusions to be drawn as to fu- 
ture action are self-evident. The growers 
must be alive to their own interests at all 
times. They must absolutely control their 
own business and stand unitedly together 
in these great problems, such as adver- 
tising, distribution, and marketing, as 
well as in many other ways. Various in- 
terests are opposed to their success, and 
are present with plausible arguments, all 
based on the perfectly natural desire for 
private gain on the part of those who 
make them. With a falling off of mem- 
bership in the exchange, disaster to the 
industry would be invited, while, on the 
other hand, with a constantly increasing 
percentage of the crop to handle, it will 
be possible for the exchange to confident- 
ly plan for successful future operations 
with the maximum of benefit to the in- 
dustry and to the state, as well as show- 
ing to the world what can be done by a 
united body of intelligent producers 
through persistent organized co-operative 
effort. 
Pomological Points— While the chief 
activities in the California citrus indus- 
try are commercial, as indicated, pomo- 
logical points are receiving systematic 
attention. The types of orange and 
