CALIFORNIA—CANADA 
lemon varieties which best suit our 
growing conditions and trade require- 
ments are quite definitely agreed upon. 
All the varieties which are being largely 
planted can be counted upon the fingers 
of one hand, including the Navel and 
Valencia for oranges, and the Eureka for 
a lemon—leaving two more fingers to be 
occupied by half a dozen minor varieties 
to be individually or locally contended 
for. It is, however, quite clear that there 
is a great chance for advantage in select- 
ing variations superior in form, quality, 
productivity, ete., within the types, thus 
securing varieties which may be in many 
ways better than those now generally 
grown. The relative desirability of dif- 
ferent stocks is also being observed in 
plantations made for the purpose, and the 
choice of buds is included. The Cali- 
fornia Experiment Station at its branches 
in Riverside and Whittier and in general 
citrus orchard studies has several experts 
constantly at work. The Bureau of Plant 
Industry of the Department of Agricul- 
ture also has men continually employed 
in California. It will naturally require 
several years to reach trustworthy con- 
clusions in these lines. 
H. J. Wickson 
CaLirorRnia Frurr Growers EXCHANGE. 
See Marketing. 
Canada 
With the exception of Alaska, Green- 
land, Newfoundland and the two islands 
of St. Pierre and Miquelon, all of the 
northern half of the American continent 
is comprised in the Dominion of Canada. 
The area in square miles is 3,729,656. 
The four principal surface divisions 
are: 
1. The Appalachian region, forming 
the extreme southeastern corner. 
2. The Laurentian Plateau or pene- 
plain with its fringe and outliers of low- 
lands around the lakes and the Eludson 
bay, comprising the remainder of the 
eastern half of Canada 
8. The great Central Plain. 
4. The mountain regions of the West. 
Each of these divisions represents, on 
the whole, a different geological forma- 
697 
tion, and has its own peculiar physical 
features. 
The Appalachian region is the north- 
eastern extremity of a system of moun- 
tains that were pushed up from the 
southeast against the Archaean or Lau- 
rentian area. Nova Scotia is a part of 
this system, and is one of the fruit grow- 
ing regions of Canada. The Laurentian 
Plateau or peneplain is a slight eleva- 
tion of tableland resting on hard crysta- 
line rocks everywhere scored by glaciers 
that created basins in which the water 
settled, forming lakes. The land surface 
is sparsely covered with soil on which 
grow pine, spruce and other northern 
trees, except in the higher altitudes, 
where mosses and lichens grow. 
South of the Laurentian Plateau is a 
valley of lowlands along the St. Lawrence 
river. This is the great fruit growing 
region of Quebec, while the strips of land 
that skirt the Great Lakes system are 
the main fruit growing regions of On- 
tario. 
The most important fruit regions of 
Canada are thus surrounded in whole or 
in part by bodies of water that modify 
the temperature and protect from freez- 
ing, making it possible to grow fruit at 
a greater distance north than it would 
be possible without the lakes, the ocean 
or other bodies of water. The Atlantic 
ocean and the Bay of Fundy protect parts 
of Nova Scotia. The Great Lakes protect 
part of Ontario and the Pacific ocean 
protects the western portion of Canada. 
The Central Plain is of vast extent, 
reaching from the Arctic ocean south to 
the Gulf of Mexico, so that only a por- 
tion of this formation lies in Canada. 
There is very little fruit grown in this 
region north of the line which divides 
the United States and Canada, and prac- 
tically none is grown for commercial 
purposes. 
The fourth great division or mountain 
belt lies west of the mountains which 
extend from Tierre del Fuego at the ex- 
tremity of South America up through the 
United States and Canada and to the 
farthest western point of Alaska. 
GRANVILLE LOWTHER 
