790 
branch is not killed, but the presence of 
the fungus stimulates it to an unnatural 
and prolific formation of twigs, resulting 
in the peculiar “witches’ broom” effect. 
These witches’ brooms may be large or 
small, and are especially conspicuous at 
blossoming time, since they produce few 
flowers or none at all, while the leaves 
appear sooner than those on the normal 
parts of the tree. These leaves, which 
are penetrated by the fungus, are reddish 
in color and somewhat wrinkled or wavy. 
Not long after they become fully expand- 
ed the spores of the fungus are produced 
all over the surface and the affected leaves 
fall prematurely. 
Control 
Since the witches’ broom produces no 
fruit, and is a drain on the rest of the 
tree, and a source of new infections, we 
recommend that the affected branches be 
cut off, a few inches below the diseased 
portion, and destroyed. 
Leaf Spot or Shot Hole 
Cylindrosporium padi 
H. §. Jackson 
There are several leaf spot and shot 
hole diseases which are more or less com- 
mon on various stone fruits; but the 
greater part of this sort of injury on the 
cherry and plum is due to the fungus 
called Cylhndrosporium pads. The trouble 
caused by this organism on the Pacific 
coast is not usually severe enough to 
alarm growers, but there is reason to 
think that the extent of damage is under- 
estimated. While the amount of leaf area 
which is destroyed by the fungus is gen- 
erally not very extensive, the presence of 
the shot hole spots on the leaves often re- 
sults in partial defoliation, and in bad 
cases, even in total defoliation of the tree. 
This is naturally a severe check on its 
development. At the points where the 
infections take place, a small brownish 
spot appears. This enlarges, and may be 
surrounded by a reddish border. After a 
time, the dried center of the spot becomes 
detached from the margin and falls out, 
leaving the shot hole effect. On some va- 
rieties of cherries the center does not 
drop out, however, as it does in our com- 
mon sweet varieties. The disease is 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
spread by means of spores produced in 
the affected spots and the fungus prob- 
ably survives the winter in the fallen 
leaves from which, in the spring, spores 
are carried to the new foliage by the 
wind. 
Control 
The disease can be largely controlled by 
spraying. According to W. M. Scott, of 
the United States Department of Agricul- 
ture, who experimented in Illinois, self- 
boiled lime-sulphur 10-10-50, commercial 
lime-sulphur 1-40, and a weak Bordeaux 
mixture 2-4-50, are equally effective. Re- 
cent experiments by Butler in Wisconsin 
indicate, however, that Bordeaux is more 
effective than commercial lime-sulphur. 
It is recommended that the spray be 
applied three times: First, half way be- 
tween blossoming time and the ripening 
of the fruit; second, just after picking; 
third, about one month after the second. 
Musuroom Root Ror. See under Apple. 
Powprery Miupew. See under Peach. 
SHot Hore. See Leaf Spot, this sec- 
tion. 
WircHEs’ Broom. See Leaf Curl. 
CHERRY PESTS 
Bup Mors, Eyz Sporrep Bup Mors. See 
under Apple Pests. 
CHERRY APHIS. See Aphids. 
Cherry Fruit Fly 
Rhagoletis cingulata Loew 
H. F. Winson 
Unfortunately, due to the habits of this 
insect, the grower does not know of its 
presence until the cherries are mature. If 
left to hang on the tree or uneaten for 
several days after picking, the presence 
of a full grown maggot is shown by the 
rotting and shrinking of one side of the 
fruit, and about that time the maggots 
leave the fruit for the purpose of going to 
the ground, where they pupate and remain 
over winter. The adult fly resembles the 
common apple maggot very closely and 
may prove to be the same insect. Some- 
what smaller than the common .housefly, 
the general color is black with lateral 
borders of thorax light yellow, and head 
and legs yellowish-brown. Wings with 
five, more or less distinct black bands, 
