816 
their dry season at a time when the ap- 
ple needs moisture to make its fullest de- 
velopment. 
Second, it needs the bright sunshine to 
give it color at a period when, on the 
west side, there is the beginning of the 
rainy season. 
Third, in the humid climate, fruits are 
more subject to fungus diseases, than in 
the arid climates. It is not contended by 
fruit growers on the west side, that they 
ean successfully compete with the east 
side in the growing of apples, but they 
do contend that they can compete suc- 
eessfully in strawberries, other small 
fruits, prunes and pears. Our observa- 
tion leads us to conclude that their claim 
is just, except as noted in the case of the 
earlier markets. I have not seen straw- 
berries as have been grown in the Vashon 
Island and other Sound districts nor 
better cherries than those grown in the 
Willamette valley, Oregon, nor better 
raspkerries and blackberries than grow 
in the Puyallup valley. As for the grow- 
ing of pears, I have seen them as well 
developed, and to all general appearances, 
as good as those grown on the east side. 
It would seem, therefore, that the grow: 
ing of certain fruits, should be localized 
into those sections where they will pro- 
duce the most money with the least ex- 
penditure of labor. 
GRANVILLE LOWTHER 
CLoveRrs. See Apple Orchard Cover 
Crop. 
CLOVER APHIS ON APPLE. See Aphids. 
DISEASES AND PESTS OF CLOVER 
AND ALFALFA 
Clovers, alfalfa and other similar field 
crops are treated in this work only in 
connection with the orchard. A. brief sec- 
tion covering some of the principal dis- 
eases and insect pests of these crops is 
here given.-—Ed. 
DISEASES 
Anthracnose 
Three anthracnoses occur upon clover; 
the more common of which is due to the 
same fungus (Colletocrichum trifohi B. 
& E.) as the anthracnose of alfalfa. These 
show lesions of the stems and leaf stalks 
and may be detected in the new seedlings 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
in late summer through the dying of the 
leaves of these plants. It is not known 
how serious this may prove upon clover. 
The second anthracnose fungus (Gloeos- 
porium trifolii Peck.) has been known 
longer than the first and occasionally 
shows by killing the tops of large clover 
stems in meadows. It is apparently not a 
serious disease, although a very interest- 
ing one to study in connection with the 
anthracnoses due to Colletotrichum. 
The third anthracnose upon clover 
(Colletotrichum cereale Manns.) is the 
anthracnose of wheat, rye and oats. 
Two new anthracnoses have been dis- 
covered attacking alfalfa; the first of 
these, Colletotrichum trifolit B. & E., so 
far as we know occurring exclusively on 
plants of this family, the other, Colleto- 
trichum sp., occurring only on alfalfa in 
northern Ohio. The first one, which we 
may call clover anthracnose, was discov- 
ered in Tennessee and has appeared upon 
alfalfa as well as red clover in the south- 
ern portion of Ohio and in Arkansas. It 
is less prevalent on alfalfa than upon the 
red clover. Both of these diseases show 
as a specific lesion or diseased spot on 
the stem or leaf stalk in the advanced 
stages of attack. Following this the 
plants wilt or die and are discovered in 
this way. 
Bacterial Blight (Yellowing) 
A bacterial blight of alfalfa, of which 
the causal organism has not been definite- 
ly determined, has been reported from 
Colorado where it appears to be spread- 
ing. In 1907 and to a still greater extent 
in 1908, there was much complaint of gen- 
eral. yellowing of leaves of second crop 
alfalfa in Ohio and adjoining states, even 
extending to North Carolina. The symp- 
toms are general yellowing of this crop. 
Black Spot 
Phyllachora trilfolii (Pers.) Fckl. 
Is due to a fungus which attacks the 
leaves of clover causing dead spots and 
dark discolorations on the under side of 
the leaves. As a rule these attacks come 
so late in the working life of the leaves 
that the injury is slight. 
A. D. Serpy, 
Wooster, Ohio. 
