948 
of a generous size, preferably with a high 
back to protect the wall from the water 
which is certain to splash when drawn 
rapidly from the pipes. The faucets 
should be set well up and back to avoid 
the breakage of dishes by striking them 
against the faucets. The waste pipe 
should be covered with a fairly fine brass 
strainer, which should be held securely 
in place by screws. At one end should be 
placed a long draining shelf, the shelf 
should be well grooved and inclined 
slightly toward the sink. Both tubs and 
sink should be well trapped, but as grease 
traps when neglected are filthy things, 
and as proper care of the pipes renders 
them unnecessary in an ordinary kitchen, 
they should be avoided. Kitchen and pan- 
try sink drains should be treated fre- 
quently to a wash of hot water and am- 
monia or soda to keep them clear from 
deposits of grease. Kitchen sinks are 
used for the discharge of liquids which 
in their original condition are not of- 
fensive, but which after a little retention 
begin to putrefy, and it is very impor- 
tant to secure the complete removal of 
all such matter well beyond the limits of 
the house before putrefaction begins. 
Refrigerator drains should never con- 
nect directly with the drainage system. 
Hot Water Apparatus 
A. hot water supply may be furnished by 
a special heating apparatus in the cellar, 
a furnace connection, or, as is usual in 
small houses, by a boiler and water front 
attachment for the range. The cold water 
should always enter the boiler at some 
distance below the point of entrance of 
the hot water from the water front of the 
range; the greater this distance the bet- 
ter will be the circulation, and the less 
time it will take to heat a certain amount 
of water. The kitchen boiler is simply 
a storage tank to keep a supply of hot 
water on hand so that it can be drawn 
when required. The chemical properties 
of the water often determine whether a 
copper or galvanized iron boiler may be 
used. Certain waters will rust out a gal- 
vanized iron boiler in a few years, while 
@ copper boiler, used in its place, would 
last a lifetime. The hot water stores it- 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
self in the upper part of the boiler and 
is forced out by the cold water entering 
at the bottom. The upper pipe, or hot 
water pipe, from the water front to the 
boiler must not be allowed to sag but 
must have as much elevation as possible, 
and also large sized elbows should be 
used, in order that the flow of water will 
have the least possible friction to contend 
with. The more elevation we get from 
the water front to the boiler the better 
the water will circulate, but the slight- 
est rise in the pipe will make a satisfac- 
tory job. It should be a continuous rise 
from the range to the boiler. To prevent 
the pounding of steam in the boiler an 
expansion pipe should be provided to al- 
low the escape of steam and air bubbles if 
the water comes from a tank in the at- 
tic. This expansion pipe should open 
over the overflow from the attic tank. 
When pressure tanks are used the expan- 
sion pipe must be omitted. The sediment 
which is constantly accumulating in the 
boiler should be blown off through the 
stopcock for that purpose, found under 
every boiler. 
The range and boiler are set as close 
together as they can be for the purpose 
of getting the best results in regard to 
the heating of the water. The best kind 
of pipe for connecting them is either cop- 
per or brass, three-fourths or one inch 
in diameter, with fittings of the same ma- 
terial having threaded joints. Lead pipe 
is too soft for the purpose and will not 
stand the high temperatures which the 
water in these connections often reaches. 
If it is desired to draw hot water from the 
different faucets throughout the house at 
the moment the faucet is opened instead 
of having to wait until all the water in 
the pipe has been drawn out, it is neces- 
sary to have a circulation of the hot 
water at all times from the boiler to the 
different fixtures. The hot water pipe is 
started from the boiler and carried up, 
as shown in Fig. 2, to the highest fixture 
and then connected. The return pipe is 
carried down, as shown by the direction 
of the arrows, and this pipe connects with 
each of the lower fixtures, finally ending 
at the bottom connection of the boiler. 
Be sure to have some upward slope at all 
