1076 
in Georgia, except that of Southern 
Florida. 
The average rainfall for the whole 
state is 49.8 inches. The maximum 
rainfall at Rabun gap, in the extreme 
northeast part of the state, is 71.7 
inches. The minimum rainfall is at 
Swainboro, Emanuel county, a little 
southeast of the center, 39.4 inches. 
The Quaternary represents the Pleis- 
tocene, or glacial age. It represents 
the formation of soils in an age when 
glaciers, some of them miles in extent, ad- 
vanced and retreated across the Ameri- 
ean continent and Northwestern Europe, 
carrying rocks, soil, trees and other vege- 
tation; crushing, grinding, eroding and 
pulverizing everything in their track. 
During this period, Arctic types of plants 
and animals were forced southward, and 
during the retreats other forms, grown 
in the south, were carried toward the 
north. It is not because the soil thus 
formed is not favorable for the growth 
of apples, but because this Quaternary 
or glacial drift in Georgia is found in a 
climate that is almost tropical, and 
therefore adapted to oranges, lemons and 
bananas, rather than to the growth of 
deciduous fruits. As compared with the 
whole state, this citrus belt is small. 
The Tertiary formation is the third 
leading division of sedimentary and fos- 
Siliferous rocks, formed in the bottoms 
of the lakes, bays, estuaries and inland 
seas. These basins were uplifted by 
the cooling and shrinking of the earth, 
and consequent changes in its crust, and 
became rocky hills, which eroded and 
disintegrated, forming soil. This soil is 
especially adapted to melons and pears. 
Here, also, sweet potatoes, yams, pump- 
kins and other vegetables reach a high 
state of perfection. This section in- 
cludes more than half the whole area 
of the state of Georgia. 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
The Metamorphic formation is mostly 
limestone, clay, slate, schist, mica, quartz, 
etc., laid down by the action of the water, 
and then transformed by the heat, by 
chemical agency, pressure or by all of 
these combined. This formation in 
Georgia has been lifted to a higher ele- 
vation than the Tertiary, and is the home 
of the peach and the grape. It is a red 
clay and will grow a very high grade 
of grapes and peaches; yet peaches are 
not grown so extensively here, in this 
Metamorphic formation, which is mostly 
a red clay, as in the Tertiary. This is 
probably due to the fact that the Meta- 
morphic formation is farther from the 
navigable rivers, bays and main lines of 
railroad than the other sections, and 
therefore farther from the markets. 
The so-called Tennessee Dip is a lower 
stratum of rock, therefore an older forma- 
tion than the Metamorphic and the Ter- 
tiary. Yet, though it was lower and old- 
er, in the process of upheavals it was 
thrown to the surface, and now occupies 
a higher elevation than the later forma- 
tions. It is generally known as the Cam- 
brian layer, composed of a thick series 
of slate, schists, sandstones and con- 
glomerates, together with igneous rocks. 
These are the formations that when erod- 
ed and disintegrated compose the basis 
for the soils of the Tennessee Dip, called 
the apple belt. This is not to signify 
that apples do equally well in all the sec- 
tions of the Tennessee Dip, but that in 
the coves of the hills and mountains, 
where there is good air drainage and 
protection from winds, they reach a high 
state of perfection. This region is the 
northwestern portion of Georgia; the 
citrus belt is the southeastern; and the 
pear, peach, melon and grape belts lie 
between these extremes. During the de- 
cade 1890 to 1900, the area devoted to 
peaches was doubled. 
GRANVILLE LOWTHER 
