GOOSEBERRY PESTS—GOURD—GRAPES 
observed. They fly early in spring, and 
there is only one brood in the year. 
Remedy 
The best method of controlling this 
insect, which fortunately is never very 
abundant, is to pick by hand the clusters 
of injured berries. It is claimed that 
chickens and other poultry are useful in 
destroying the larvae and chrysalids; and 
it is certain that, while chickens are very 
small, they are useful in a garden in de- 
stroying a great number of injurious 
insects. The old hen, however, should be 
kept securely cooped up and not allowed 
to run at large. 
JAMES FLETCHER, 
Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa, Can 
Gooseberry Midge 
Cecidomyia grossulariae 
This is a small, yellowish fly, about 
one-tenth of an inch long, which deposits 
its eggs beneath the skin of the young 
fruit. Remedy, hand-picking and destruc- 
tion of the infested berries. 
Mealy Flata or Frosted Lightning Hopper 
Ormenis pruinosa 
This insect is sometimes found on 
gooseberry as well as grape, sassafras, 
corn and other plants. It is a lead-colored 
or pale green, wedge-shaped insect, 
frosted over with a whitish bloom, and 
has its wings lying flat against its sides 
and prolonged behind the body to meet 
each other. It is a sucking insect. No 
remedy is needed. The eggs are laid in 
twigs of sassafras and other trees in a 
continuous raised slit, sometimes in Sep- 
tember or soon thereafter. 
Oyster SHELL Scate. See Apple Pests. 
ScaLeE Insects. See Apple Pests. 
For other Pests oF GOOSEBERRY, See Cur- 
rant Pests. 
Gourd 
The gourd belongs to the order Cucur- 
bitaceae and includes the following: 
First: The calabash, or bottle-gourd, 
having a hard rind and club shaped, 
technically called Lagenaria Vulgaris. 
Second: Squash; any one of the trail- 
ing annuals of the genus Cucurbita. 
Third: Pumpkin; the large round fruit 
of the genus Cucurbita pepo. 
1083 
Fourth: Muskmelon; Cucumis melo. 
Fifth: Watermelon; Catrullis vulgaris. 
Sixth: Cucumber; Cucumis sativus. 
For CuLTuRE, see Squash, Cucumber, 
etc. 
GRAFTING. See Propagation under 
Apple. 
GRAIn ApHIs. See Aphids. 
GRAIN. See Apple Orchard Cover 
Crops. 
Grapes 
The subject may be divided into two 
parts. First, “Grapes of the Old World,” 
second, “Grapes of America.” 
Grapes of the Old World 
There is just one species of grape cul- 
tivated in the Old World, and that is 
Vitis vinifera. This is the grape of an- 
cient and modern agriculture, renowned 
in history, fable, myth, allegory, and 
poetry. Orientals believed that it was 
planted in the Garden of Eden, to be 
cared for by our first parents. Milton 
says: “They led the vine to wed his elm.” 
It seems pretty clear that the Canaanites 
grew large vineyards and grapes of very 
fine quality, at the time of the conquest 
of that country by the Israelites upon 
their return from Egypt, as early as 
1500 years before Christ. The history of 
the grape dates back to the oldest his- 
toric times and has followed civiliza- 
tion into all parts of the world. In fact, 
seeds of the grape are found in the re- 
mains of the Swiss lake dwellings of the 
Bronze Period and entombed with the 
mummies of Egypt. Virgil gives fifteen 
varieties of grapes, while Pliny gives 
ninety-one varieties, and describes fifty 
kinds of wine. 
From the “Grapes of New York” we 
quote the following: 
“The history of the development of the 
vine from Virgil’s time through the early 
centuries of the Christian Era and of the 
Middle Ages to our own day is largely 
the history of agriculture, in the South- 
ern Huropean countries, for the vine dur- 
ing this period has been the chief plant 
cultivated by the Greek and the Latin 
nations. 
