1090 
row. Much of the soil loosened by the 
subsoil can now be thrown out by 
again going through each furrow with 
the two-horse plow, once each way. This 
insures deep planting and increases great- 
ly the area for root growth. 
Vines 
The selection of vines is an important 
part in the foundation of the vineyard. 
Too often it is neglected altogether, by 
reason of the inability of the prospec- 
tive grower to judge vines, or else poor 
vines are purchased knowingly because 
they are cheap. A poor vine purchased 
because of cheapness is a poor invest- 
ment. A vineyard started with poor 
vines is handicapped at the start and 
rarely, if ever, overcomes the burden, 
even with good aftercare. 
First-grade one-year vines are to be 
preferred to those two years old. They 
are as a rule much better, though to the 
amateur a large vine promises more. 
Very frequently two-year vines represent 
the poorer one-year vines of the previous 
season transplanted and allowed to grow 
in the nursery row another’ season. 
Most commercial vineyards are set with 
one-year vines, while the amateur usual- 
ly sets those two years old. There are 
doubtless some good two-year vines, but 
they are the exception. 
Varieties 
The Concord is pre-eminently the com- 
mercial black grape in New York. In 
Chautauqua county probably 95 per cent 
of the acreage is of this variety. The 
season of good black grapes could be 
considerably lengthened by planting 
Moore Early with Concord, as both these 
varieties stand up well and could be ship- 
ped to the most distant markets. Moore 
Early and Worden are frequently sold 
as Concord, as are several other black 
grapes. In the latitude of Western New 
York, Moore Early ripens about ten days 
before Concord. If one is close to local 
markets, Worden should have a place in 
the commercial vineyard and by all 
means in the home vineyard. Its quality 
is excellent, but it will not stand ship- 
ping. It ripens about a week before Con- 
cord. Worden has proven very produc- 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
tive and its clusters are large, compact, 
with large berries. 
For red grapes, Catawba should cer- 
tainly pe planted where it will thorough- 
ly ripen. It is of good quality and a 
good keeper. For quality, the Delaware 
is the grape par excellence and, with 
close pruning and good feeding, it is a 
very profitable grape. For green grapes, 
Winchell, or Green Mountain as it is 
listed by some nurserymen, should more 
generally be planted. This is a very 
early grape, of excellent quality, a good 
bearer of large-shouldered, compact clus- 
ters. For markets that prefer a green 
grape and one extremely early Winchell 
will find a ready sale. Niagara needs no 
recommendation as a market grape and 
with proper care and especially allowing 
it to ripen fully, it will become even 
more popular. By the selection of var- 
ieties, black, white and red, that ripen 
in succession, the grower can overcome 
to a certain extent the frequent glutting 
of the market that occurs in seasons of 
big crops when only one or two varieties 
are grown in an entire district and all 
are being shipped to the same markets. 
On the other hand he must not go to the 
other extreme and set too many varieties 
unless these can be handled in car lots 
or disposed of locally. 
Cross-Pollination 
Owing to the fact that certain varieties 
(self-sterile) of grapes will not form mar- 
ketable clusters when planted by them- 
selves, away from other varieties, it is 
necessary that the prospective grower 
learn whether the varieties he is setting 
be self-fertile or self-sterile. If he is 
setting both, he should alternate the 
two classes so as to insure pollen dis- 
tribution from the self-fertile to the self- 
sterile. The varieties given in this cir- 
cular are all self-fertile. Never set va- 
rieties known to be self-sterile in large 
solid blocks. 
Distance 
There are many recommendations as 
to distances apart for rows and vines. 
Some of the older vineyards are set 10 
feet by 10 feet, but the prevailing dis- 
tances are rows 9 feet apart and vines 
