1136 
which often suffer greatly from the at- 
tacks. As early as 1893 it has been 
known to do considerable damage lo the 
buds and leaves of grape vines in Cali- 
fornia. Occasionally large areas of vine- 
yards are completely stripped. It also 
feeds upon greasewood. 
Control 
The larval and pupal forms are found 
in the soil, especially in unplowed past- 
ures and places around fences, ditches, 
etc. Thorough cultivation of these places 
will not only kill the young then present, 
but will keep the adults from laying 
eges there. Poison sprays applied when 
the beetles begin to appear in consider- 
able numbers and repeated every week 
will aid materially in saving the buds and 
foliage. Jarring the beetles into a suit- 
able receptacle containing oil may also 
prove effective, especially if only small 
areas are badly infested. 
E. O. Essic 
Grape Leaf Hopper 
Typhlocyba comes Say. 
General Appearance 
The adult insects are very small, 
scarcely more than one-eighth of an inch 
long. During the summer they appear 
light yellow with the wing covers or 
elytra mottled with red. As the sea- 
son advances the color becomes darker, 
and in winter it is dark red; this change 
is due to the increasing brightness of 
the red markings, which are very faint 
during the summer months. The young 
appear very much like the adults, except- 
ing that their wings are not fully develop- 
ed and there are less of the red mark- 
ings. 
Life History 
The eges are bean-shaped and so small 
as to be almost microscopic. They are 
inserted just beneath the epidermis on 
the underside of the grape leaves and 
hatch in from 15 to 20 days. The young 
nymphs begin at once to feed upon the 
first-appearing foliage by extracting the 
juices from the leaves with the sharp 
beaks. There are two broods a year— 
winter and summer. The adults of the 
former hibernate and begin feeding upon 
the first foliage in the spring. During 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
May they begin egg-laying, which gives 
rise to the summer brood. This brood 
grows very rapidly and lays eggs within 
a few weeks, dying off in the fall. Their 
eges give rise to the coming winter brood, 
Thus the destruction may begin in May 
and end only when all of the leaves 
have fallen. 
Food Plants 
The principal and practically the only 
food during the summer months is the 
foliage of the grape, but during the 
winter many other plants are attacked, 
such as grasses, clover, alfalfa, mustard, 
ragweed and filaree. 
Control 
A spray containing .02 of one per 
cent nicotine has proven to be the most 
effective contact insecticide for this pest 
This must be applied when the nymphs 
begin to appear about the first of June, 
and great care taken to drench the un- 
der sides of the leaves. High pressure 
is necessary for good work. 
Sereen cages have been used very suc- 
cessfully in many localities in the state. 
Plowing and cultivating close to the vines 
and practicing clean culture aid in re- 
ducing the numbers. 
Natural Enemies 
So far no internal parasites of this pest 
are known. The larvae of the California 
green lacewing Chrysopa californica Coq. 
devour the young nymphs. Ladybird 
beetles also prey upon the young, but are 
of little consequence in the matter of 
control. 
Grape Phylloxera 
*Phylloxera vastatrixr Planchon 
General Appearance 
The presence of this pest is usually 
manifested by its work, which consists 
in the formation of rough wart-like galls 
upon the leaves and small knots upon the 
roots. The lice producing the galls are 
very small and orange-colored. White 
eges and the young are also to be found 
Within the galls, which are seldom found 
in California. The root lice are about 
one-twenty-fifth of an inch long and 
Sear annarmnmi eri 
* According to priority rules the scientific 
name of this species should be Pertymbia 
vitifoliae (Fitch). 
