GRAPE PESTS 
Distribution 
Especially abundant in the San Joa- 
quin valley, though the species has a 
somewhat wider range throughout the 
state. Outbreaks have been recorded at 
Newman and Los Banos in past years. 
This year it was especially abundant in 
Madera county. 
Food Plants 
Practically all Kinds of green vegeta- 
tion, including most of the forage and 
truck crops. Especially destructive to 
alfalfa. Orchard trees and vineyards are 
also attacked, some trees and vines be- 
ing completely defoliated and many 
killed. 
Hopper Dozer 
The use of the hopper dozer has be- 
come an important factor in the control 
of grasshoppers, especially in grain and 
hay fields, in pastures and even jn cul- 
tivated crops. The hopper dozer is con- 
structed as shown in Fig. 2. The back 
and sides are made of thin sheet iron or 
cloth and the pan at the bottom construct- 
ed to hold about two inches of Kerosene. 
These dozers may be made any length 
but a two-horse size is the most practic- 
able. They are simply drawn across the 
fields and capture the hoppers as the lat- 
ter endeavor to escape their approach. 
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Wig 2. Plan of a Very Good WWopper Dozer. 
(After Urbahns ) 
Though the hoppers may escape from 
the kerosene bath, they are doomed. 
The best time of operation is on warm 
days if possible, early in the season be- 
fore the hoppers have acquired wings. 
A brief description of some of the most 
common and destructive California spe- 
cies follows. 
HH. O. Essie 
See Apple Pests. 
Nematode Root Gall 
These tiny creatures belonging to the 
order vermes cause irritation of the roots 
GREEDY SCALE. 
1139 
of numerous plants including the grape. 
On this plant they give rise to galls or 
swellings somewhat similar to those pro- 
duced by the phylloxera. 
*Quayle says that “no satisfactory 
remedy has yet been found for con- 
trolling parasitic nematodes. In green- 
houses the usual procedure is to sterilize 
the soil, but this, obviously, is not ap- 
plicable to a vineyard. However, if the 
soil is known to be infested, disinfec- 
tion is sometimes practiced before plant- 
ing out young vines. This is done by an 
application of carbon bisulfid to the soil. 
Trap plants have also been used, these 
being annuals that are pulled up before 
the nematodes escape. In time it may be 
found that resistant stock is the solu- 
tion of the problem. In the bulletin al- 
ready referred to it is stated that the 
Isabella is slightly resistant, while Vitis 
riparia has shown no nodules after the 
first year This fact is interesting as a 
suggestion that both wphyllorera and 
nematodes may be controlled by the same 
resistant.” 
PEAR Tireres. See Pear Pests. 
Red or Orange Scale 
Chrysomphalus auranty Mask. 
General Appearance 
Distinelly circular and flat, the female 
scales varying from one-sixteenth to one- 
eighth of an inch in diameter. The scale 
or shell is transparent, allowing the red 
female body, which gives it a distinctly 
red color, to show through. The male 
scales are elongated, very much smaller 
and gray or dark brown in color. 
Life History 
The young are born alive in great num- 
bers. They are usually produced during 
the warm summer months from June to 
September, but in the milder sections 
may continue to appear much longer. 
Like other coccids the males are winged 
and so small as to be scarcely observed. 
The females settle on the trunks, limbs, 
foliage and fruit, and cause great dam- 
age. Trees may be entirely killed by 
their attacks. It is one of the most seri- 
ous pests known to citrus fruit culture. 
* California Experiment Station Bulletin 192. 
