HORTICULTURE—SECRETARIES 
wheat, oats and corn with a shovel with- 
out injury from rough usage. 
Third: Fruits are consumed for the 
most part raw or in their original form 
and even the beauty and attractiveness 
of the raw product makes a great dif- 
ference in the price, while with products 
grown for stock, such as hay, corn, etc., 
or products grown for human food where 
the grinding or cooking destroys the 
original forms, the uniformity of color 
and shape is of less consequence. 
Fourth: The fruit tree, being more 
highly organized, is sensitive to favor- 
able or unfavorable conditions of soil, 
climate, winds, frosts, sunlight, and 
humidity. For instance, a species of 
grass will be less injured by heat or 
cold, will be less affected by rain or sun- 
light, than fruits; while spring frosts 
come at a time when cereals, grasses and 
root crops are not likely to be injured, 
and at a time when the blossoms are 
forming on the fruit tree and in danger 
of destruction. It is, therefore, neces- 
sary to select a site for the orchard where 
the blossoms are not likely to be killed 
by spring frosts. This makes wind cur- 
rents, air drainage, elevation, and evap- 
oration from large bodies of water factors 
in the selection of orchard sites. 
Fifth: The coloring of fruits is a 
factor in their commercial value, while 
in grasses, grains and root crops it is a 
negligible quantity. 
Sixth: The form of the fruit, even, 
makes a difference in the value, while 
picking, assorting and packing are arts 
requiring great discrimination, rapidity 
of motion, and a degree of intelligence not 
so necessary in the handling of most 
other farm products. 
Seventh: The diseases of fruit trees, 
insect pests, and their remedies present 
a field for study, investigation and skill 
that is equalled only by the study of 
diseases and cures of the human family. 
Tree pruning or surgery are subjects 
related to the surgery and cure of dis- 
eases in the animal kingdom. 
Highth: The marketing and shipping 
of fruits are much more complex than 
OF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES 1149 
the same transactions with reference to 
hay or grain. For instance, it is never 
necessary to put hay in cold storage pre- 
paratory to shipment or to precool it or 
ship it in refrigerator cars. Neither is 
it necessary to protect it from extreme 
cold to prevent freezing. Hay can be 
Shipped in bales and grain in sacks, 
while fruit must be shipped in barrels, 
boxes or crates and handled with great 
care. 
Ninth: In the use of the by-products 
of fruit, such as cider, vinegar, canned 
goods, dried fruits, jellies, jams, butters, 
etc., there are many subjects for study. 
Upon the whole, horticulture will, in 
the necessities of the case, be regarded as 
a profession, and while the student will 
be a worker in the field, he must also, 
part of the time, pursue his studies in 
the library and the laboratory; while he 
will gain practical information by con- 
tact with living things, he will interpret 
them by the experience of the past and 
through the information gained largely 
from books, and by means of the appara- 
tus of the scientific laboratory. 
GRANVILLE LOWTHER 
HORTICULTURAL 
WASHINGTON, 
Laws, 
See Laws. 
OREGON AND 
List of Secretaries of Horticul- 
tural Societies 
American Nurserymen’s Association—Geo. C. 
Seager, Rochester, N. Y. 
American Florists Association—W. N. Rudd, 
Morgan Park, IIL. 
American Pomological Society-—-L. L. R. Taft, 
Lansing, Mich, Treasurer 
American Civic Association—Clinton Rogers 
Woodruff, Philadelphia, Pa 
American Apple Growers’ Congress-—~T. C. Wil- 
son, St. Louis, Mo. 
American Rose Societv-—Benjamin Hammond, 
Fishkill-on-Hudson, N. Y. 
State Horticultural Societies 
Arizona—R. H. Forbes, Tucson. 
Alabama—P, F. Williams, Auburn. 
Arkansas—Prof. Ernest Walker, Fayetteville. 
British Columbia Fruit Growers’ Association— 
W. J. Brandrith, Ladner, 
California State Floral Society—Mrs. 
YP. Tricon, San Francisco. 
California-~H. H. Lillienthal, San Francisco. 
Colorado State Board of Horticulture—D 
Statler, Secretary, Capitol, Denver, Colo 
Colorado State Horticultural Society—Martha 
Shute, Denver, Colo. 
Society—H. Cc. CC. 
Connecticut Pomological 
Connecticut—-H. C. C Miles, Milford. 
Henry 
Miles, Milford 
