INDIANA-—LOSS BY INSECTS IN THE UNITED STATES 
originally covered with oak, hickory, wal- 
nut, maple and most kinds of hardwood. 
In the southern portion of the state 
the soil, the climate and the contour of 
the land are adapted to the growing of 
fruits. The soil is for the most part a 
whitish clay that shades off in places to 
a dark red color. These soils are rich 
in lime, iron and other constituents 
that are adapted to fruits. The climate 
is, on the average, 10 per cent warmer 
than in the northern portion of the state. 
This protects the tenderer fruits from in- 
juries by winter freezes. The land sur- 
face is uneven, and this gives a sufficient 
air drainage so that fruits are protected 
from frosts in early spring. There are 
apple orchards in the eastern part of this 
section ranging from 40,000 to 50,000 
1159 
trees. The largest pear orchard is in 
Washington county, 12,000 trees. Peaches 
and other fruits of the tenderer varieties 
are grown in abundance, and commercially 
this portion of the state produces consid- 
erable wealth in fruit. 
According to the census of 1910 the 
total number of bearing fruit trees in 
Indiana was 10,050,759. Of these there 
were: Apples, 5,764,821; peaches and nec- 
tarines, 2,130,298; pears, 708,723; plums 
and prunes, 566,988; cherries, 815,742; 
quinces, 56,847; grapes, 1,049,232 vines; 
nuts, 19,179 trees; small fruits, 5,919 
acres. The counties producing the largest 
number of bearing trees are Harrison, 
194,321, and Washington, 112,000. 
GRANVILLE LOWTHER 
Frost and Precipitation in Indiana 
Pe eaaminaigesaamnamnenmalamameneetisamamanamenal 
Frost Precipitation 
9 Average Date of Date of 
tation Annu 
First Last First Last Annual 
Killing in in in 
Autumn Spring Autumn Spring 
South Bend............. Oct. 8 May 10 Sept. 20 May 31 34.5 
Angola.......0.0. ween, Oct. 14 April 27 Sept. 21 May 21 38.7 
Lafayette............... Sept. 29 April 26 Sept. 14 May 29 37.9 
Marion............+.- .| Oct. 2 April 24 Sept. 14 May 22 37.0 
Farm Land............. Oct. 14 April 21 Sept. 26 May 21 38.5 
Rockville.............-. Oct. 8 April 22 Sept. 13 May 15 37.8 
Indianapolis............ Oct. 19 April 16 Sept. 21 May 21 41.9 
Connersville. ........... Oct. 3 April 27 Sept. 14 May 21 38.2 
Bevay..........-..005 8s Oct. 24 April 19 Sept. 27 May 15 43.1 
Princeton.............2- Oct. 21 April 12 Sept. 30 May 14 39.4 
Marengo................ Oct. 10 April 10 Sept. 24 May 4 57.6 
The Annual Loss Caused by In- 
sects in the United States 
Orchards and small fruits suffer heavily 
from insect pests. The methods of treat- 
ment necessary to prevent these losses 
are expensive. There are several hundred 
insects which feed upon the roots, trunks, 
foliage and fruit of the trees. Among 
those which feed upon the apple are the 
woolly aphis, San Jose scale, codling 
moth, tent caterpillars, etc. It is a very 
dificult matter to estimate the amount 
of loss chargeable to these insects. It 
is known that whatever affects the vigor 
of the tree itself will lessen the pro- 
ductiveness. It is, therefore, necessary 
not only to keep the tree in vigorous 
and healthful condition, but to destroy 
the insects that feed upon it. Mr. C. D. 
Simpson, special field agent of the Bureau 
of Entomology of the United States, gave 
some recent estimates of losses in the 
several states as follows: 
