IRRIGATION 
¢ ross Wires 
Illustration"4 
level would be preferable, and an archi- 
tect’s level can be procured at a cost of 
about $50.00. The agricultural papers 
are also advertising a level for $15.00, 
which would no doubt be sufficiently ac- 
curate. In addition to this, any farmer 
can take a pocket level or a carpenter’s 
level and with a little imgenuity locate 
the necessary points sufficiently accurate. 
The illustrations here given will not 
meet the exact situation in many tracts, 
but any irrigator can make it possible 
to apply the plan to any tract. 
The advantages of no waste water are: 
1. Freedom from damage suits, court 
injunctions and attorneys’ fees. 
2. The saving of water and using it 
on your own land, better irrigation with 
the same amount of water. 
3. Saving soil fertility, not leaching 
off the best elements and running them 
off to the ocean. 
4. No swampy spots and no drainage 
necessary on your own land, for you will 
not run any of your furrows to the low 
points. In fact, by keeping up contour 
furrows at low points, where they cross 
ravine or swale, you can keep the water 
out of low points. 
Head Ditehes 
Proper arrangement of head ditches 
will greatly assist. Where there is more 
than two inches fall to the rod in your 
head ditch, use board flumes made of 1- 
inch or 1144-inch fir, rough. JI have used 
such a flume for 18 years before it rotted 
out. Bore holes one inch in diameter to 
let out water for irrigation furrows. 
1179 
Control size of opening by galvanized iron 
slides to be obtained from hardware 
stores at small cost, as they are made 
from scraps. Level head ditches where 
possible are the most economical and ef- 
ficient. 
SUMMARY OF USEFUL INFORMATION 
The following summary of useful in- 
formation has been gathered from vari- 
ous sources: 
Doubling the diameter of a pipe in- 
creases its capacity four times. 
Double riveting 1s from 16 to 20 per 
cent stronger than single riveting. 
A cubic foot of water contains seven 
and one-half gallons, which is equal to 
1,728 cubic inches. 
To find the pressure in pounds per 
square inch of a column of water, mul- 
tiply the height of the column in feet by 
434, 
The weight of a cubic foot of water at 
32 degrees Fahrenheit is 62\% pounds. 
A gallon of water weighs eight and 
one-third pounds 
To find the total pressure of water on 
any surface multiply its area in square 
feet by the vertical depth of its center 
of gravity below the water surface in 
feet, and the total by the weight of one 
cubic foot of water. 
The pressure of air at sea level is 14 73 
pounds on each square inch of surface, 
therefore a cubic inch of air will sus- 
tain a column of water 34 feet high. 
Factors Affecting the Flow of Water 
There are certain factors affecting the 
flow of water. One is that the smallest 
inclination to either side, or any wind- 
ing or changing of the direction of the 
stream, affects the rapidity of the flow. 
Any bend in a pipe that deviates from the 
perpendicular will retard the velocity of 
the flow of water 
The length of a vertical fall will affect 
the force or momentum, because water, 
like other bodies, gains momentum with 
the distance it falls. 
Another factor affecting flow, is the 
friction of the sides. If weeds are al- 
lowed to grow along the sides of a ditch; 
if the sides are irregular in shape; if 
there are obstructions of any kind; or in 
