JUNEBERRY—KALE, OR BROCCOLI—KANSAS 
their systems as to provide a liberal wa- 
ter supply during the development period 
with a view to ultimate development 
based on economic use. 
In the history of irrigation in this 
country, there has been evident a gradual 
but very definite evolution in the ideas of 
what constitutes proper use of water. 
While the use of water for irrigation was 
at first a relatively unimportant one, its 
importance now overshadows all other 
uses, save that of domestic supply. In 
the course of this evolution, the doctrine 
of beneficial use has become established, 
but in future development this doctrine 
must in many cases merge into or be 
supplemented by that of economic use. 
The doctrine of beneficial use looks to 
individual interest; that of economic use 
to the general welfare of society as a 
whole. So far as possible, water charges, 
systems of distribution and regulations 
should be so adjusted as to make the in- 
terest of the individual water user coin- 
cide with this public interest. 
IRRIGATED LAND, PREPARATION OF. 
under Apple Orchard. 
See 
Juneberry 
Amelanchier 
The Juneberry belongs to a genus of 
shrubs or small trees of the natural or- 
der Rosacede and is native to Europe, 
Asia and America. There are but few 
species, but these are so closely related 
as to be sometimes mistaken for different 
varieties of the same species. They have 
alternate leaves, are deciduous and have 
numerous racemes of white showy flow- 
ers appearing early in the spring. The 
spherical, red or dark purple berries ripen 
in the summer and are edible. They are 
ornamental, hardy, succeed in a great 
variety of soils and climates, and are 
easily propagated by means of suckers 
or seeds. 
GRANVILLE LOWTHER 
Kale, or Broccoli 
Kale, or broccoli, is a variety of cauli- 
flower differing from the other in the 
form and color of its inflorescence and in 
its hardiness. It succeeds best in loamy 
1193 
soil somewhat hard in texture, but the 
ground can scarcely be too rich for au- 
tumn kale. However, the winter and 
spring varieties grown on too rich ground 
are apt to become so succulent and tender 
that the plants suffer from frost even in 
sheltered situations, while plants less suc- 
culent because grown on poorer soil may 
all be saved. In the warm climates of 
the South plants may stand out all win- 
ter. Kale requires about the same treat- 
ment as cabbage. The plants are used 
for greens and salads. 
Varieties 
Tall green curled Scotch. 
Dwarf German. 
Curled dwarf green Scotch. 
For DISEASES AND Prsts or Kars, see 
under Cabbage and Allied Plants. 
Kansas 
Kansas is a rolling prairie with occa- 
sional bluffs along the streams and pla- 
teaus that extend back and beyond them. 
There are no mountains, no hills and no 
marshes. The altitude on the east is 750 
feet above the sea level and on the west 
about 4,000 feet. The eastern part of the 
state is adapted to the growing of corn, 
wheat, oats, potatoes, vegetables and 
fruits. The central portion is part of a 
great wheat belt that begins in Canada 
in the north and extends southward 
through Nebraska, Kansas and Oklahoma. 
The west is a semi-arid region and it is 
only under the system known as dry 
farming that wheat, kaffir corn, melons 
and other products adapted to semi-arid 
regions have been profitably grown. Al- 
falfa in later years has been a very prof- 
itable crop, especially when grown along 
the streams where the roots go down to 
the moist subsoil. The streams of Kan- 
sas mostly originate in subterranean 
sheets of water which come from the 
Rocky Mountain region and percolate 
through the vast deposits of sand and 
gravel with which the soil of Kansas is 
underlaid. 
The soil in the east is a sandy loam 
mixed with limestone and very fertile. 
In the central and western portions there 
is a deposit of sand which within the 
