204 THE STUDY OF INSECTS. 



selection. The classification of animals and plants should not be 

 merely the assorting of them into convenient pigeon-holes, but 

 a serious study of their blood-relationships. 



The following synopsis will serve to show what we believe to be 

 the relations of the principal divisions of the order. Following this 

 synopsis there is a table for use in classifying specimens. 



SYNOPSIS OF THE LEPIDOPTERA. 



{See page 207 for a table for deterini7img specujiens.) 



A. The Jugate Lepidoptera. — Moths in which the two wings of 

 each side are united by 2LJug?on (Fig. 238,7), p. 214. 



Suborder JUGAT.^. 



B. The Swifts or Macrojugatce, p. 215 Family Hepialid^E. 



BB. The Little-wing Jugates or Microjugatce, p. 216. 



Family MiCROPTERYGID/E. 



AA. The Frenate Lepidoptera.— Moths, skippers, and butterflies 

 in which the two wings of each side are united by 'd. frenulum (Fig. 

 '^1)1^ f) or by its substitute, a large humeral angle of the hind wing 



(Fig. 241), p. 216 Suborder Frenat^e. 



B. The Generalized Frenat.«. — Moths that are supposed to 

 retain more nearly than any other Frenatse the form of the primi- 

 tive Frenatae, those that were the first to appear on earth. In 

 these generalized moths the wings approach the typical form ; 

 the base of vein V of one or both pairs of wmgs is preserved 

 throughout a considerable part at least of the discal cell ; and 

 the anal veins are well preserved, there being two or three in 

 the fore wing and three in the hind wing. The frenulum is 

 usually well preserved. 



The Flannel-moths, p. 218.. Family Megalopvgid^. 



The Bag-worm Moths, p. 219 Family PsychiD/E. 



The Carpenter- moths, p. 221 Family CossiDyE. 



The Slug-caterpillar Moths, p. 223 Family Eucleid^. 



The Smoky-moths, p. 226 Family Pyromorphid^. 



BB. The Specialized Frenat^.— Moths, skippers, and butter- 

 flies that depart more widely than do the Generalized Frenate 

 from the primitive type of Lepidoptera, being more highly modi- 

 fied for special conditions of existence. An indication of the 

 specialized condition of these insects is the modified form of the 

 wings. In nearly all the base of vein V has been lost and the 

 branches of this vein joined to veins III and VII. 



