88 General Care of Trees 
damage will readily suggest themselves. A rope or hook 
ladder will often be a desirable addition to the outfit. 
Where saw or axe cannot readily be used, a chisel and 
mallet may be substituted. In any case, a smooth surface 
must be secured, not a hacked and lacerated wound. 
Always cut close at the very base of the branch to be 
amputated, with a cut as nearly parallel to and even with 
the outline of the main axis (branch or trunk) as possible, 
ig ‘ 
Mach eee Soe ahS Seagal 
bo depet ghee yenarh $ SOE). 2aigs, OW 
aS Fie, wwe Pe i a 
LW cede ‘ay oe 
oe 7 athe “ 5 and 
" Fi) 
j 
or, 
Stes 
Saese 
Rtas peGee 
NN eS og 
vps 
xi 
<< 
aT ts 
ayes 
3 “> 
wr, ~. 
i 
{ 
ee . os 
ee 
tae PS ~aitae 
> ee go een 
Soe Sees ot ade 
‘ att 
= ee 
Fic 18.— Good and bad pruning 4A, side view of good and bad branch 
pruning, B, front view of a well pruned branch. 
leaving no portion or stub of the amputated dead branch 
on the trunk. Many older branches as well as younger, 
have at their base a swelling bulge, sometimes called a 
“shoulder’’; this must be cut into and removed in order to 
satisfy the requirement of close cutting, in spite of the fact 
that the wound is thereby greatly enlarged. 
The object of cutting close and parallel to the remaining 
axis 1s to expedite the closing of the wound by the callus 
or wound wood formed from the cambium at the margin, 
which, as we will presently see, is more readily formed 
when the cut is made as prescribed. Great care must be 
