Specific Pests 157 
may be kept nearly or entirely free, the spreading from other 
infested trees being slow. 
3. BUTTERFLIES AND Motus (Lepidoptera—Scaly wings). 
In these two orders it is only the larva or caterpillar 
which feeds on leaves, fruits, and softer tissues. The 
bodily distinction of butterflies and moths lies in the feelers 
or antenne, the butterflies having, with few exceptions, feelers 
terminating in a distinct club at the tip, which is absent in 
the moths. When sitting, the latter hold their wings usually 
spread out flat, the former more or less folded together; 
moths are night-fliers, butterflies are, as a general rule, on 
the wing only during the day. The caterpillars distinguish 
themselves from the grubs by their greater motility, having 
better developed legs, three pairs in front and generally 
two to five pairs at the other end; those living in the open 
are generally colored, and either hairy or beset with bristles 
or warts, those living inside their host plant or in the ground 
remaining colorless and naked. The moth caterpillars are 
mostly without hairs and have sixteen feet, and what is 
important as far as damage is concerned, do not, as a rule, 
live gregariously. 
The more than three thousand species are grouped in 
different ways from different points of view. For our 
more practical purposes we may group them into the large 
and the small butterflies and moths, the former feeding 
exposed on or among the leaves, the latter concealed in the 
buds or in folded or rolled leaves. Of the large butterflies 
and moths there are three groups, which contain important 
injurious species, namely, the sphinxes, the spinners and 
the inch-worms, while among the small caterpillars two 
groups are notable depredators, namely, the leaf-rollers 
and the leaf-miners. 
Sphinxes or Hawk-moths are large butterflies with narrow, 
