Spruces 241 
pointed, four-sided needles set spirally around the branchlets (persist- 
ent five to seven years); the pendulous cones remaining entire when 
falling; they are densely foliaged and shade-enduring to a large degree. 
They are medium to fast growers, very symmetrical in youth, the crown 
Fic. 78.— Dwarf Pine. Pinus Mughus Scop. 
generally rounding off in old age. They are shallow-rooted, and there- 
fore easily transplanted. Most of them are adaptive to any soil on 
northern slopes, except the extremes of dry or wet, but the best form 
is attained in fresh, deep soils. They are adapted to planting as speci- 
mens and in groups, for windbreaks, shelter, hedges (stand pruning 
well), also for avenues, and as a foreground tree in large deciduous 
plantations. 
