Box— Hornbeam — Chestnut 2.77 
They are especially adapted to combination with other evergreens, like 
laurel and rhododendron, and for winter effects. Tender to semi- 
hardy in the North. 
B. sempervirens Linn. (171), from England and southern Europe 
into Asia, is the common Box, a tree growing from three feet (north) 
to fifteen feet (south). The variety B. suffruticosa (171a) is the one 
mostly employed, being a dwarf, and hence easily kept as a low bor- 
der. Varieties, B. aurea (1715), with yellow-striped, and B. argentea 
(r71¢), with white-striped leaves, B. angustifolia (171d), with narrower 
leaves, and several others have their value. 
B. Balearica Willd. (172), Minorca or Japanese Box, from western 
Europe and Asia, with large, yellowish-green leaves, makes a pretty 
tree, with compact, round head. Needs winter protection in the North. 
HORNBEAM, WATER BEECH, BLUE BEECH 
Carpinus. C.Caroliniana Walt. (175), is one of the most satisfactory, 
small (twenty feet), native, hardy trees of wide distribution; beech-like 
in appearance, with the same kind of gray, smooth bark, the stem 
peculiarly corrugated, with outline rather roundish or flat, horizontally 
spreading, somewhat straggling branch habit, with many small twigs, 
often pendulous; leaves beech-like, but thinner and more closely to- 
gether, turning crimson, scarlet, or orange-yellow. It is a slow grower 
and shade-enduring, like the beech, but adaptive to more barren soils, 
although best near good water-supply. It is specially fitted for water 
scenery, also good for hedges which shear well, for undergrowth, and 
as a filler; free from insects. 
C. Betulus Linn. (176), the European species, hardly differs from 
the American, and is less hardy. 
A number of Japanese and other exotics, small trees and shrubs, 
are used, among which C. Japonica (177) excels in graceful habit and 
elegance of foliage. 
CHESTNUT 
Castanea. A genus of five species, tall trees to shrubs, of consider- 
able economic value, as well as ornamental by form, leaf, and flower. 
C. Americana Raf. (178) (deniaia), the native species, which is 
hardy into Canada, differs little in character from the less hardy Euro- 
pean, C. sativa Mill. (179), except in the size of the nut and longer leaf 
