Hackberries, Nettle Tree 279 
commercial value has been lately much overrated. Its main use is 
among flowering shrubs, for its flowers and large leaves. 
C. bignoniotdes Walt. (182), its less desirable congener, is of more 
straggling habit, otherwise difficult to distinguish, and is very likely 
substituted in nurseries, unintentionally. 
Of slightly superior value are the Japanese and Chinese species — 
C. ovata Don. (183) (Kempfert), with smaller, more pleasing foliage, 
the small flowers with dull purple dots and the fruit in more delicate 
pods; and C. Bunget C. A. May (184), a dwarf, with large glossy foliage, 
sometimes confounded with a nurseryman’s round-headed, grafted form 
of bignontotdes. 
HACKBERRIES, NETTLE TREE 
Celtis. Some fifty or sixty species in various parts of the world, trees 
or shrubs, have a secondary ornamental value, inferior to that of the elms 
which they much resemble, although their more compact crown, their 
freedom from insect and fungus diseases, their thriftiness in almost any 
soil, are advantages. 
C. occidentalis Linn. (185), Hackberry or Netile Tree, a medium 
size to large tree, native and of wide distribution from north to south 
and west, is hardy in the Canadian Northwest. It is elm-like, but with 
smaller, darker foliage, more compact and spreading habit, and with a 
very dense foliage. It grows in most soils unless excessively dry. It 
deserves more attention for roadside planting and as a shade tree than 
it has so far received. Its freedom from diseases makes it especially 
desirable. 
C. Bungeana Blume (186) (erroneously called Sinensis, which is 
another species, not hardy), is a native of China, but, in protected 
positions, is quite hardy in the North. Its dark green foliage, glossy 
on both sides, is said to make an excellent shade tree. | 
Cercidiphyllum. C’. Japonicum S. & Z. (187), from Japan, is one of the 
best of the recent introductions, being a small bushy tree (although in 
its native habitat growing to timber size), of pyramidal, almost fastigiate 
form, and handsome, roundish foliage of purplish tinge when unfold- 
ing, later becoming bright green, and turning yellov- and scarlet in the 
fall. Its foliage develops on small spurs or short shoots all along the 
stems and branches, making it specially leafy when young and the foli- 
