Dogwoods 281 
to silvery underneath. It thrives best on well-drained soils, is easily 
handled and free from insect troubles. It may be used very satisfac- 
torily for its early flower effect in front of conifers and grouped with 
shrubs or other small trees on woodland edges. Its color effect being 
very strong, it is best combined with early bloomers of lighter color. 
The European C. Sdiquasirum Linn. (189), and the Japanese C. 
Sinensis Bunge. (190) (Japonica), the latter more shrub-like, are less 
hardy and have hardly any superior points except that they bear larger 
and more profuse flowers. 
Chionanthus. C. Virginica Linn. (191), Fringe Tree, is a small, 
slender tree, often shrub-like, native from Pennsylvania south, but in 
sheltered positions hardy north to Ottawa. Its laige, deep-green and 
glossy, magnolia-like leathery foliage (unfortunately late in leafing out) 
and an abundance of long drooping panicles of delicate white, pe- 
culiarly shaped, lace-like flowers (May, June), constitute its omamental 
value. It is free from insects and fungus diseases, and adaptive to 
most soils, but prefers moist ones. For borders of groups and in single 
specimens, or among garden shrubs, it is satisfactory material. 
DOGWOODS 
Cornus. Some thirty species, small trees and shrubs and perennial 
herbs, of wide distribution, and mostly hardy and frugal. Many of 
them are attractive in flower, foliage, and fruit. They are very com- 
pact, bushy, and shade-enduring, indeed are preferably grown in the 
shade, and in northern localities in protected places. They are adap- 
tive to soils and free from insects, except a scale. They are primarily 
used for large border plantings in coarse naturalistic arrangement, and 
for color effect in winter and early spring. Many of them having vari- 
ously colored branches, they especially lend themselves for winter 
effects. 
C. florida Linn. (192), Flowering Dogwood, mainly of southern dis- 
tribution, but hardy into Canada, a tree rarely over thirty feet, very 
spreading, apple-tree-like in habit, is the earliest and most luxuriant 
bloomer, its large greenish-white flowers appearing before any foliage 
is out. The foliage, crowded to the ends of the twigs, is made of rather 
broad shining leaves. With its brilliant crimson to dark red foliage 
and its scarlet-red berries, it makes fine autumn effects. It is specially 
