284 Trees for Shade and Ornament 
sturdy, although leaf-miners, weevils, apple-borers, and other insects 
are not entirely absent. A powdery mildew sometimes attacks the foli- 
age. Having a long tap-root, they should be transplanted early. They 
are moderately shade-enduring, respond well to pruning, and are suit- 
able for hedges. They are most satisfactory ornaments for small 
grounds, yards, fields, etc., in grouping with low shrubs. As they are 
easily transplanted from fields, they may be used for quick effects, as 
accent trees, etc. 
Not less than one hundred and thirty-two species are described as 
native to the United States, but there is still doubt as to their identifica- 
tion, some holding as species what others recognize as varieties. At 
least four or five, however, deserve special attention. 
C. Crus-galla Linn. (201), Cockspur Thorn, a tree, perfectly hardy, 
growing sometimes to a height of forty feet, of very wide distribution, 
with wide-spreading branches in characteristic, shelving tiers or whorls 
and sometimes pendent branch tips, with thick, dark green, glossy 
leaves, turning bright orange and scarlet, with pinkish-white flowers 
(May, June), and bright red (edible) fruit hanging on into winter. It 
is adaptive to any soil and situation (seaside), and more shade-endur- 
ing than most of the others. 
C. coccinea Linn. (202), Scarlet Thorn, a smaller tree (ten to twenty- 
five feet), of the same wide range and beauty, with regular form, light 
green, thin but dense, wedge-shaped foliage, white flowers (April, 
June), and striking, scarlet fruit, hanging long. A species or variety, 
C. macracantha (2022), has longer, slender spines and fragrant flowers. 
Several other varieties are in existence. 
C. mollis Scheele. (203), White Thorn, which has sometimes been 
considered a variety of coccinea, but is now recognized as a species, is a 
most showy tree, with large leaves, bright green above, hairy beneath, 
large white flowers and brilliant, scarlet fruit, which does not hang 
long; but the white branches with chestnut-brown spines are effective 
throughout the winter. 
C. pyracantha Pers. (204) (Pyracantha coccinea), the evergreen native 
species, is a shrub, some ten feet in height, its glossy leaves turning 
brownish-purple and hanging on long, and its scarlet fruit making it 
a most desirable ornament in groups and for hedges, although a slow 
grower. It is hardy as far as New York. 
C. oxyacantha Linn. (205), the true Hawthorn, is the best known 
European species, a well-shaped tree, of not more than fifteen to twenty 
