288 Trees for Shade and Ornament 
shrub form and much branched. Neither of them appears to be 
quite hardy north of New York. 
For more southern planting also, the native shrub or tree, I. vomitoria 
Ait. (216), Cassene, may be mentioned. 
The deciduous-leaved, native hollies, which hardly remind one in 
their foliage of the evergreens, are all shrubs, of value by virtue of their 
bright red fruit, for early winter effects (7. verticillata Gray (217), 
monticola Gray (218), levigata Gray (219) ), or for their glossy, leathery 
leaves (I. glabra Gray (220), decidua Walt. (221), Cassine Dahoon 
(222) ), and are hardy. 
Liquidambar. L. styraciflua Linn. (223), Red Gum, Sweet Gum, 
Bilsted, is a tall, bulky tree, native from Connecticut to Texas, and 
hardy. It is of conical, symmetrical, regular outline, rather open 
coarse branch habit, with large, star-shaped, glossy leaves resembling 
the maple, turning brilliant purple to scarlet with yellow tints, and 
with interesting ball-like sharp-pointed pendulous fruit hanging on 
through winter. The gray corky-winged bark of the sturdy branches 
and the reddish-black deeply fissured bark of the trunk add to the win- 
ter effect. It isa most ornamental tree, free from insects, easily handled, 
moderately shade-enduring, and giving a pleasing shade; of moderately 
rapid growth. It is fit for use in formal landscape, and for shade. 
MAGNOLIA 
This family contains two genera with a large number of species, 
mainly of southern distribution, large to small trees and shrubs. They 
are noted for their large and showy flowers and large leaves, generally 
clustered at the ends of the branches, and their coarse, open, straggling 
branch habit, although some have shapely outlines. They are medium 
to rapid growers, usually free from troubles, light-needing, with a deep 
root system, requiring special care in transplanting. 
Of the large trees, the most satisfactory and most widely adapted, 
useful, interesting, and ornamental, is-—— 
Liriodendron. L.tulipifera Linn. (224), Tulip Tree, Whitewood, Yellow 
Poplar, the ‘‘Giant Tree” of the East, with a range from north to south 
and into southwestern Ontario. Growing rapidly and of fine sym- 
metrical form, i.s perfectly straight stem and conical outline reminding 
one of the conifer habit. Besides its pleasing form, its value lies in the 
medium-sized, peculiarly shaped, glossy foliage, in the fall turning 
