Black Oaks 309 
makes a more symmetrical broad crown; a large majestic tree, with 
beautiful, more deeply cut and large symmetrical foliage, dark green 
and glossy above, light green beneath and turning dark red. The bark 
is dark gray, glossy on the branches. It is a very rapid grower, most 
adaptive to a variety of soils, and one of the easiest and best to plant. 
Q. coccinea Muench. (294), Scarlet Oak, ranging from Maine to Flor- 
ida and Missouri, is a less handsome tree as regards form, with a rather 
open crown, but when the narrow, unsymmetrical, very deeply cut, 
bright green foliage turns to brilliant scarlet in the fall, there is nothing 
finer to be seen. This tree is adapted to dry soils. 
Q. palustris Linn. (295), Pin Oak, native of a smaller range than 
the others, from Massachusetts and Delaware to Wisconsin and Arkan- 
sas, also to southwestern Canada. The Pin Oak is unique in outline, 
the rather short, slender branches becoming pendulous, while the hand- 
some, very deeply cut, unsymmetrical foliage, turning bright flaming 
red in autumn, vies in beauty with the Scarlet Oak. In old age it 
loses its symmetrical pyramidal crown and becomes open and irregular, 
the lower branches dying but persisting, a defect which can be corrected 
by pruning. It is a rapid grower; stands swampy conditions as well 
as dry soils. It transplants readily. 
Q. cuneata Wangh. (296) (digitata or falcata), Spanish Oak, another 
native species, from New Jersey south and west, is not quite hardy 
farther north; has a peculiar distinct foliage of subdued tone, but is 
otherwise without special merits. 
An entirely different type of foliage, namely, with entire margins, 
like a willow leaf, or nearly so, is possessed by four black oak species 
of more southern range: 
Q. Phellos Linn. (297), Willow Oak, is the type, its most northern 
range being to New York, although it is hardy beyond; a beautiful 
medium-sized tree, with a conical crown of slender branches and a 
dense, dark, glossy, fine, small foliage like that of a willow, remaining 
green into the fall, finally turning pale yellow. It is a swamp tree, 
but adaptive to drier soils. 
Q. imbricaria Michx. (298), Shingle Oak, and Q. laurifolia Michx. 
are of more southern distribution, and with larger foliage of the same 
type as the preceding. Specimens of wnbricaria at Ottawa are found 
quite hardy. 
Q. mgra Linn. (299), Water Oak, with the foliage broader and occa- 
sionally lobed at the apex is the tree commonly used as a street tree in 
