Black Oaks 311 
Of Scrub Oaks at least two may be mentioned as useful in covering 
barren and rocky ridges and hillsides, or for low coppice and wind mantle 
on the outskirts of exposed plantations, for they are most hardy and 
persistent spreading shrubs or small trees. 
Fic. rrr. — Turkey Oak. Quercus Cerris Linn. 
Q. ilicifolia Wangh. (302) (Banistert or nana), Bear Oak, covers dry 
mountain soils with dense thickets from Maine to Virginia and west, 
occasionally growing to tree form (twenty feet), although usually a 
shrub (ten feet), with foliage of the black oak type, dark green above, 
but with a grayish shade. 
Q. prinoides Willd. (303) (humilis), Chincapin Oak, of even wider 
range than the preceding, a spreading shrub, usually not over six feet 
