Buckthorn 313 
lobed than any of our oaks, except Chestnut Oak. A large number of 
nurserymen’s varieties, cut-leaved (filicifolsa 3044), purple-leaved (pur- 
purescens and airopurpurea, 3040), weeping (pendula, 304c), fastigiate 
(fastugiata, 304d), and many others increase the variety of this much 
variegated genus. 
QO. Cerris Linn. (305), Turkey Oak, a large tree from southern Europe 
and Asia, with short spreading branches, forming a broad pyramidal 
crown, has a handsome dark green, deeply-lobed, curled, almost pin- 
natifid foliage. It has the longest leaf period (green till Christmas). 
It is probably not hardy far beyond New York. 
QO. conferta Kit. (306) (Pannonica), a pretty oak from Hungary and 
Italy, but hardy m Massachusetts, with handsome, very long (four to 
seven inch) foliage, dark green above, whitish beneath, and as deeply 
cut as the former, is a very distinct form. 
BUCKTHORN 
Rhamnus. A genus of some sixty species, mostly native of the tem- 
perate zone, mostly shrubs, but sometimes growing into small trees, 
contains a number of ornamental value for their pretty, although mostly 
simple, oval foliage. ‘They are more rarely employed than they might 
be in shrubberies and as single specimens for which their shapely form 
fits them, their usually black berry fruit adding to their interest. Most 
of them, except the evergreen ones, are hardy, several of them succeed- 
ing even in the Canadian Northwest. They are not choice as to soil, 
but most of them prefer a moist one, are easily grown, bear shade well, 
and can be used as hedges. Of the five native ones three often grow 
into trees; two from the Pacific Coast, the other is of eastern range. 
R. Purshtana D. C. (307), ranging from British Columbia to Mexico 
and from Montana to Texas, is a tree of medium height, from the bark 
of which the well-known Cascara sagrada is derived. If collected from 
its northeastern range it is hardy in the East, and with its dark green, 
elliptic foliage with wavy margin, and its red fruit turning black, quite a 
pretty ornament. 
R. Caroliniana Walt. (308), Indian Cherry, of eastern distribution, is 
quite similar, with a lustrous dark foliage on shorter leaf-stalks, hence 
somewhat stiffer. 
R. alnifolia L’Herit (306), Alder-leaf Buckthorn, is a low shrub (four 
feet) ranging across the continent through Canada and northern United 
