Elms 321 
and an outline which can only be spoiled by pruning. The early flower 
and fruit, an interesting round green samara, appearing before leafing, 
misleads the uninitiated into the belief that it is an early leafer; it has, 
however, a long leaf period. It is tolerably shade-enduring, thriving 
best on deep, moist souls, easily transplanted, and a very rapid and 
hardy grower. It is best fitted for single positions, and if planted in 
avenues should be spaced widely, not less than thirty feet apart, for in 
thirty to forty years it becomes a large tree. 
The American Elm is readily distinguished from the following by its 
forking habit, each branch dividing into two equally strong branches. 
U. campesiris Smith (341) (suberosa), English Elm, native of Europe, 
is, next to the White Elm, most frequently planted; is, however, entirely 
different and less striking in form, with a stiffer, more compact, and 
less spreading habit. It is, nevertheless, a noble tree, of large dimen- 
sions, with denser foliage than the White Elm, and having the advan- 
tage of possessing a much longer leaf period into the fall, and also being 
less liable to insect troubles. Lately, however, an enemy has developed 
in the form of a leaf-destroying Aphis, which singles out this European 
species, leaving the neighboring ones unmolested. This elm is some- 
what given to suckering and, at least in Toronto, it fills out its in- 
terior with a dense growth of watersprouts. It is best used for 
grouping and as a street tree. 
There are a number of varieties and forms worthy of notice, one of 
which is s#berosa (341a), a beautiful, small tree, with vigorous, but 
small, dark foliage of long duration, and interesting, corky bark. 
Of native elms, similar in habit to the European, upright in growth, 
but smaller and requizing less space, should be mentioned: 
UY. fulva Michx. (342), Slippery or Red Elm, with a magnificent 
foliage, larger than that of the White Elm, and of rough surface, borne 
on long, somewhat pendulous branches, which usually form an open, 
flat, and less graceful crown. 
U. alata Michx. (343), Wahoo or Winged Elm, a small, round-headed 
trec, of southern distribution, fit only for southern planting. 
U. racemosa Thomas (334), with corky-winged branches, and foli- 
age whitish beneath, has the advantage of being adapted to drier soils 
than the others, and is also fairly hardy into Manitoba. 
Of the other exotics are to be mentioned the often planted European 
and Asiatic: 
U. scabra Mill. (345) (montana), Wych Elm, a medium-sized tree, 
