Honeysuckle Family 339 
They are particularly useful in waste places, neglected corners, and in 
seaside planting, for undershrub as well as in damp, shady woods. 
Two American and one European species, with a number of vari- 
eties, deserve attention: 
* S. Canadensis Linn. (51), the common Eider and the hardiest, 
deserving more extended use (five to ten feet); of wide distribution 
from Canada south; with showy, white flowers in flat cymes (early 
summer), and with dark purple to black fruit (August, September). 
The fruit is used in pies and in making the elderberry wine. 
* S. pubens (53), and its almost exact European counterpart — 
* S. racemosa Linn. (52), differs from former only in having red 
berries, the American species, however, being perhaps the more 
graceful. 
S. nigra. Linn. (54), the European Black Elder, so called from the 
purplish black or dark green berries, is a much larger bush (twenty 
to twenty-five feet), well rounded and with compound foliage, which 
keeps very persistently green, like that of most exotics. 
Three fine varieties of this species, only half hardy but rapid in recov- 
ery, are commendable: 
* S. aurea (54a), the best golden-yellow-leaved ornament, especially 
when kept trimmed to low form and in masses; 
* S. laciniata (546), with a deeply cut, sparsely-leaved foliage, fine 
for massing and borders; 
S. vartegata (5 4c), with white markings, is a curiosity. 
Symphoricarpus. There are ten species of which two are native and 
have great value for covering dry, gravelly banks and heavy soils, and 
for underbrush, being very shade-enduring, their suckering habit tending 
to keep their growth dense. Their smooth, broad foliage and their 
waxy, berry-like fruit, hanging on through winter, are their chief orna- 
ments. They are largely used in combination with rhododendron and 
other evergreen shrubs, when the berries set off well against the dark 
foliage. The two American species are the best, and they are usually 
planted together. 
S. racemosus Michx. (55), Waxberry, a low, graceful shrub, with 
slender branches, rose-colored flowers, and white, waxy fruit in clusters; 
S. vulgaris Michx. (56), Indian Currant, Coral Berry, a more com- 
pact bush, which excels in having persistent foliage, bright green tinged 
with reddish-purple, and very showy, dark red berries. 
Viburnum, Snowballs. A large genus, over a hundred species of 
