102 THE BOOK OF FORESTRY 
egg masses of the leaf-eating beetles or destroying broods 
of the tent caterpillars. 
Insects——While the effects of insects are not often 
heard of, nevertheless, year In and year out an enormous 
amount of damage is done to our forests and shade trees 
by these winged pests. In the seventies the larch sawfly 
threatened to exterminate this valuable timber tree 
from our Northern forests. The spruce bark beetle has 
taken a heavy toll from time to time in the New Eng- 
land States; the Western pine beetle for several years 
threatened the splendid yellow pine stands of the Black 
Hills. Even now we hear of the white pine weevil and 
its destructive effect upon young pine plantations; the 
ravages of the elm leaf beetle and the enormous loss 
caused, largely in the New England States, by the 
gypsy and brown-tail moths. 
Remedies for these agencies are not always easy to 
discover. Bark beetles can best be exterminated by 
felling the trees and burning the bark or else soaking 
the infected logs in a stream. This can be done quite 
readily where the logs are ordinarily floated to the mill, 
by timing the cutting according to the development 
of the insect. 
For the white pine weevil several cures are suggested. 
Cutting and burning the withered leaders of the young 
pine trees during June will kill the grubs but at the 
same time it may kill some parasities which have been 
preying upon the larve. The latest remedy suggested 
is to cut off the leader which is dying and by putting 
it in a barrel covered with a fine screen, the parasites 
can escape, and will prey further upon the pest. 
Suppression of the gypsy and brown-tail moths is a 
job that the New England States assisted by the 
National Government are finding well-nigh impossible. 
