300 THE BOOK OF FORESTRY 
Body Wood. Cord wood cut from those portions of the stems 
of trees which are clear of branches. 
Boom. Logs or timbers fastened together end to end to hold 
floating logs. The term sometimes includes the logs inclosed, 
as a “boom of logs”. 
Boom Company. A corporation engaged in handling floating 
logs and owning booms and booming privileges. 
Breasthigh. At or having a height of 44 feet above the ground. 
The forester usually calipers trees at this point. 
Broad-leaved Trees. Applies to trees whose leaves have a broad 
flat surface unlike the needle or awl-shaped leaves of the conifers. 
’ Buck. To saw felled trees into logs. 
Bull Chain. A very heavy chain, to which a number of short 
chains with hooks on one end and dogs on the other, are attached. 
It is used to draw logs from the millpond up the gangway. 
Bull Donkey. A large donkey engine which, by drum and cable, 
drags logs from the place where they are yarded to a landing. 
Bummer. A small truck with two low wheels and a long pole 
used in skidding logs. 
Bunch Logs, To. To collect logs in one place for loading. 
Bunk. 1. The heavy timber upon which the logs rest on a 
logging sled. 2. The cross beam on a log car or truck, on which 
the logs rest. 3. A log car or truck. 4. A bed in a logging camp. 
Burn. An area over which fire has run to the noticeable injury 
of the forest. 
Butt Off, To. 1. To cut a piece from the end of a log on account 
of a defect. 2. Tosquare the end of a log. 
Caliper. An instrument for measuring the diameter of trees or 
logs, usually consisting of a graduated beam to which is attached 
one fixed and one sliding arm. 
Cambium. In trees and shrubs, the layer between the bark and 
wood, producing the annual ring. 
Cant Hook. A tool hke a peavey, but having a toe ring and lip 
at the end instead of a spike. 
Catamaran. <A small raft carrying a windlass and grapple, used 
to recover sunken logs. 
Catface. A partly healed over fire scar on the stem of a tree. 
Clean Cutting. 1. The cutting of the entire stand. 2. An area 
upon which the entire stand has been cut. 
Cleaning. A thinning made in a stand which has not reached 
the small-pole stage. Its mam object 1s to remove trees of unde- 
sirable form and species. 
Clear Length. That portion of the stem of a tree free from 
branches. 
Compartment. The unit of area treated in the working plan. 
The size and the shape of compartments are determined mainly 
by topographic features. 
Composite Forest. A forest in which both seedlings and sprouts 
occur in considerable number. It may be either pure or mixed. 
Conifer. A member of the Pine Family or Conifers. 
Conservative Lumbering. Practical forestry; any method of lum- 
bering which perpetuates the forest by use. 
