302 THE BOOK OF FORESTRY 
Firebreak or Fireline. An opening, plowed strip of land or 
anything which prevents the spread of fires in the forest. 
First Growth. 1. Natural forest in which no cuttings have been 
made. 2. Trees grown before lumbering or severe fire entered the 
forest; belonging to the original stand. 
Flume. An inclined trough in which water runs, used in trans- 
porting logs or timbers. 
Forest. Av area whose principal crop is trees. <A forest includes 
both the forest cover and the soil beneath it. A forest judged by 
the character of the stand may be timber land or wood land. These 
constitute the two great classes of forest, between which it is pos- 
sible to draw a practical but not an absolute distinction. Timber- 
land may be broadly defined as that class of forest which contains 
in commercial quantities trees of sufficient size and of the required 
kind to furnish saw logs, wood pulp, ties, poles or wood for similar 
uses. ‘ 
Forest Capital. The capital which a forest represents. It con- 
sists of the forest land, or fixed capital, and the stand of trees. 
Forester. One who practices forestry as a profession. 
Forest Cover. All trees and other plants in a forest. 
Forest Fire. A fire in timberland or woodland. A forest fire 
may be a ground fire, a surface fire, or a crown fire. A ground 
fire is one which burns in the forest floor and does not appear above 
the ground. When a fire runs over the surface or burns the under- 
growth it is a surface fire. When a surface fire spreads from the 
undergrowth to the crowns, it becomes a crown fire. 
Forest Floor. The deposit of vegetable matter on the ground 
in a forest. Litter includes the upper, but slightly decomposed 
portion of the forest floor; humus, the portion in which decompo- 
sition is well advanced. 
Forest Influences. All effects resulting from the presence of the 
forest, upon health, climate (including wind, rainfall, temperature, 
etc.), stream flow, and economic conditions. 
Forest Management. The practical application of the prin- 
ciples of forestry to a forest area. Forest management includes: 
forest mensuration or the determination of the present and future 
product of the forest; forest organization, or the preparation of 
working plans and planting plans, detailed and comprehensive 
schemes for the establishment and best use of the forest; and 
forest finance, or the determination of the money returns from 
forestry. ; 
Forest Nursery. An area upon which young trees are grown for 
forest planting. 
Forest Plantation. Forest growth, established by setting out 
young trees or by sowing seed. A forest plantation, made by setting 
out young trees, which has passed the small-pole stage, is called a 
planted forest. A sown forest plantation which has passed the 
small-pole stage is called a sown forest. 
Forest Policy. The principles which govern the administration 
of the forest for its best permanent use. 
Forest Products. All usable material yielded by the forest. The 
following classes are distinguished: major products include all 
