306 THE BOOK OF FORESTRY 
figure of the wood. In actual practice there are several ways of 
accomplishing thisresult. 
Regular Forest. Forest in which the trees are approximately 
of the same age. 
Reproduction. 1. The process by which a forest 1s renewed. 
Natural reproduction is the renewal of a forest by self-sown seeds, 
or by sprouts. Artificial reproduction is the renewal of a forest 
by sowing or planting. 2. Seedlings or saplings from sprouts or 
from self-sown seed. — 
Reproduction Cutting. Any cutting intended to invite or assist 
reproduction. 
Rise. The difference in diameter, or taper, between two points 
in a log. 
River Boss. The foreman in charge of a log drive. 
Root. A part of the plant which absorbs nourishment for the 
plant, or serves as a support. 
Root Collar. That place at the base of a tree where the swelling 
which is the direct result of the ramifications of the roots begins. 
Rotation. The period represented by the age of a forest, or a 
part of a forest, at the time when it is cut, or intended to be 
cut. 
Sample Tree. A tree which in diameter, heizht and volume is 
representative of a treeclass. A class sample tree is a tree which in 
diameter, height and volume represents the average of several tree 
classes. 
Sapling. A tree 3 feet or over in height, and less than 4 inches 
in diameter, breasthigh. A small saplmg is a sapling from 3 to 
0. feet in height. A large sapling is a sapling 10 feet or over in 
eight. 
Scaler. One who determines the volume in logs by applying the 
scale stick to the small end of the log and reading the contents from 
the stick. 
Second Growth. Forest growth which comes up naturally after 
cutting, fire or other disturbing cause. 
Seed. The ripened ovule. 
Seedbed. A specially prepared area, usually in the forest nursery, 
for the raising of seedlings. 
Seed Forest. A forest composed wholly or mainly of trees from 
seed. 
Seed Spot. A small area, usually in a burn or in an opening in 
the forest, which is sown with tree seed. 
Seed Tree. Any tree which bears seed; specifically, a tree which 
is left to provide the seed for natural reproduction. 
Seed Year. A year in which a given species of tree bears seed; 
specifically, a year in which a given species bears seed abundantly. 
Self-sown Seed. Strictly, disseminated without the intervention 
of human or animal agency; In common practice, seed sown by any 
agency other than man. 
Shake. A crack in timber, due to frost or wind. 
Shelterbelt. Natural or artificial forest maintained as a pro- 
tection from wind or snow. A narrow shelterbelt in which true 
forest conditions do not exist is a windbreak when maintained as 
