308 THE BOOK OF FORESTRY 
Stratify. To preserve tree seeds by spreading them in layers 
alternating with layers of eaith or sand. i, 
Strip Method. The method of conservative lumbering in which 
reproduction is secured on clean-cut strips by self-sown seed from 
the adjoining forest. ; 
Stump. ‘That portion of the tree below the cut made in felling 
a, tree. 
Stumpage. ‘The value of timber as it stands uncut in the woods; 
or, in a general sense, the standing timber itself. 
Sucker. A shoot from an underground root or stem. 
Sun Scald. An injury to the cambium caused by sudden exposure 
of a tree to strong sunlight. 
Suppressed. Having growth more or less seriously retarded by 
shade. 
Swamp. Toclear the ground of underbrush, fallen trees and other 
obstructions preparatory to constructing a logging road or opening 
out a gutter road. 
b Swell Butted. As applied to a tree, greatly enlarged at the 
ase. 
Tally Man. One who records or tallies the measurements of logs 
as they are called by the scaler. 
Tangential Saurng. The common way of cutting logs by which 
boards on each side of the center board are sawed by a cut that is 
tangent to the annual rings. This method serves to bring out the 
grain of wood most conspicuously. 
Tap-root. A central root running deep into the soil. 
Phinning. ‘The removal of a portion of the trees with the object 
of improving the stand without inviting natural reproduction. 
The following kinds of thinnings are distinguished: cleaning, 
improvement thinning, accretion thinning. 
Tolerance. The capacity of a tree to endure shade. 
Tote. To haul supplies to a logging camp. 
Transpiration. The process by which water is taken up by the 
roots of plants and given off to the air through the leaves and 
branches. 
Trap Tree. <A tree deadened or felled at a time when destructive 
bark beetles will be attracted to it and enter the bark, which is 
then peeled from the tree and exposed to the sun, burned or buried, 
as the case may require, to destroy the insect. 
Tree. A perennial woody plant with a single stem which from 
natural tendencies does not divide into branches for some distance 
above the ground. 
Tree Analysis. A series of measurements and observations upon 
a felled tree to determine its growth and life history. 
Tree Class. All trees of approximately the same size. The 
following tree classes are distinguished: seedling, shoot, small 
sapling, large sapling, small pole, large pole, standard, veteran. 
h Tree Crown. That part of a tree that is branched, forming a 
ead. 
Turkey. A bag containing a lumbeyjack’s outfit. To “ histe 
the turkey” is to take one’s personal belongings and leave camp. 
Two-storied Forest. Comprising on the same area two classes. 
