DEFINITION OF TERMS 309 
which vary considerably in height, composed of trees of differetn 
species. 
Underbrush. All large, woody plants, such as witch hobble, laurel, 
striped maple and devul’s club, which grow in a forest, but have 
no main stem or trunk. 
Undergrowth. The ground cover, underbrush, and young trees 
below the large sapling stage. 
_ Undercut. The notch cut in a tree to determine the direction 
in which the tree is to fall, and to prevent splitting. 
Underplant. To plant trees under an existing stand. 
Used Length. ‘The sum of the lengths of logs cut from a tree. 
Valuation Survey. ‘The measurement or other detailed study of 
the stand upon a valuation or experiment area. Two kinds of 
valuation survey are distinguished: 1. The strip survey comprises 
the measurement of a stand, or a given portion of it upon strips 
usually 1 chain wide. 2. The plot survey comprises the measure- 
ment of the stand, or a given portion of it, upon isolated plots 
not in the form of strips. 
Veteran. A tree over 2 feet in diameter, breasthigh. 
Volume. Amount or mass of a tree or stand. 
Volume Table. A tabular statement of the volume of trees in 
board feet or other units upon the basis of their diameter breast- 
high, their diameter breasthigh and height, their age, or their age 
and height. 
Volunteer Growth. Young trees which have sprung up in the 
open, as white pine in old fields, or cherry and aspen in burns. 
Wanigan. A houseboat used as sleeping quarters or as kitchen 
and dining-room by river drivers. 
Weed Tree. A tree of a species which has little or no value. 
White Water Man. A log driver who Is expert in breaking jams 
on rapids or falls. ; 
Windbreak. 1. The breaking of trees by wind. 2. A belt of 
trees which serves as a protection from wind. ; 
Windfall. 1. A tree thrown by wind. 2. An area on which 
trees have been thrown by wind. 
Wind-firm. Able to withstand heavy wind. 
Work. To harvest the final yield under a working plan. 
Working Plan. A detailed and comprehensive scheme for the 
best permanent use of aforest. 
Yarding Donkey. A donkey engine mounted upon a heavy sled, 
used in yarding logs by drum and cable. 
Yield. The amount of wood at present upon, or which after a 
given period will be upon, a given area. 
