118 BICTIONAEY OF POPULAR NAMES CINNAMON 



one headed by Mr. Markham himself, assisted by a gardener, 

 the other by Mr. Eichard Spruce, a botanical collector, then 

 residing in New Grenada, to whom Eobert Cross, a gardener 

 from Kew, was sent out as assistant. To the above (after much 

 peril) is due the successful introduction of the Cinchona plants 

 into India. To the latter, however, the greatest share of credit 

 must be given, he having during the last twenty years been 

 despatched four times by the Indian Government to the different 

 Andean regions in order to obtain Cinchona plants known to be 

 richest in quinine, and in these expeditions he has been emi- 

 nently successful, and is now (October 1880) on Ms way to India 

 with plants of the kind caUed Grey Bark. To give a special 

 account of the various expeditions would occupy a volume. 

 This, indeed, has been done ; and, while the present work is in 

 preparation, Mr. Clements Markham has published an account 

 under the title of Penman Bar\ extending from the year 1860 

 to 1880. 



It will suffice for our purpose to say that the undertaking 

 has been crowned with complete success, and that the quinine- 

 yieldiag trees in the eastern hemisphere are now counted by 

 millions, and their bark forms an important article of trade. 

 The principal Government plantations are at Ootacamund in 

 the ISTilgiris and Darjeeling in Sikkim, also at Ceylon and Man- 

 ritius; the Dutch have likewise extensive plantations ia Java 

 and other islands. In the West Indies plantations have also 

 been formed in Trinidad and Jamaica. The names of the prin- 

 cipal cinchona barks of commerce are — 1. Eed Bark ((7. mcci- 

 rubra), New Grenada; 2. Calisaya Bark (G. Galisaya and C, 

 Boliviano), Bolivia; 3. Loxa Crown Bark (C7, Gondaminea, or 

 officinalis) Loxa ; 4. Cuenca Bark or Yellow Calisaya (G. species ?), 

 Ecuador; 5. Pitayo Bark {G. Bitaymds), near Popayan; 6. Cali- 

 saya of Santa Pe, or Soft Columbian Bark {C, lancifolia) ; 



7. Carthagena or New Grenada Bark {G, species ?), New Grenada; 



8. Grey Bark {G, peruviana). 



Cinnamon, the aromatic bark of Giomamomtcm zeylanicum of 

 the Laurel family (Laurace^e). It is a smaE. tree, with willow- 



