16 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL OBDEBS, 



8. Floivers dicecious, hoth male and fem,-ji. in catkins, Perianth 0^ 

 Ovary super. 



cm. Salicace^ (Salix). Floivers solitary in the axils of bracts. 

 Perianth 0. Bisk of 1 or 2 glands. Stam. 2, or more. Ovary 1 -celled, 

 style short or 0, ovules few to many. Fruit a 2-valved caps. Seeds many, 

 with a tnft of long silky hairs from the funicle,— Trees or shrubs, with 

 altern. stip. leaves. 



Order of doubtful affinityo 



CIV. Ceratophtllace^. Flowers monoecious ; Male i-~8ep. 6-12, 

 narrow, bifid, subvalvate in bud. Stam. 10-20 ; anth. oblong, exstrorse, 

 connective bicuspidate. i Fem.-fl. :— 5iep. of male. Ovary ovoid, 

 1-celled ; style subulate, persist. ; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit a compressed 

 coriaceous achene, spinous on margin. OotyL. thick.— Submerged aquatic 

 herbs, with slender much-branched fragile stems. Leaves whorled, cleft 

 into filiform toothed segments. 



Class II. gymnosperms. 



Trees or sbruhs, usually resinous. Stem with pitb surrounded bv 

 concentric layers of wood and hark and increasing in girth as in 

 Dicotyledons, Leaves usually needle-shaped. Fl. 1-sexuaL 

 Perianth usually 0. Ovules not inclosed in an ovary, but attached 

 to the scales (open carpels), or to the axis of a cone. Seeds enlos- 

 permous, cotyledons 2 -many. 



CV. CoNiFER-ai (Pinus). Flowers monoecious. Male-Jl. in spikes ; anth, 

 in many series, 2-celled, connective produced. Fern, cones with spirally 

 twisted bracts, the ovule-bearing scale larger than the bracts. Ovules 2, 

 at the base of the scale and re flexed. Eipe cone ovoid or oblong, scales 

 persist. Seeds 2, reversed, usually winged.— Evergreen trees with whorled 

 branches. Leaves linear, in clusters of 2, 3 or .5, from the axils of 

 membranous scales. 



Class III. MONOCOTYLEDONS. 



Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees. Stems with isolated vascular bundles 

 traversing the cellular tissue. Leaves usually paralled-veined. Whorls 

 of jjerianth 3-merous. Ovules inclosed in an ovary. Embryo with 1 

 cotyl. ; radicle not elongating to lorm a tap-root, but emitting secondary 

 roots from its crown. 



J^jcce^t-ions. -Net-veined leaves occur in Dioscorea, Smilax, also in, 

 Aboide^ and in a few other orders. — The flowers are often 4t- 

 merous in Naiadace^, and are occasionally 2-merou8 in Gra- 



MINE^. 



Division I. Petaloideae. Perianth usually o£ 6 free or connate 



»a3gments in 2 sefies, the inner or both series more or less coloured 

 and petal-like. 



