496 CAMPANULACEM. 



Carthamus tinctorius, L. ; Eox"b. Fl. Ind. iii, 400 ; Royle 111. 247 ; F. B. I. 

 iii, 386 ; D C. L'Orig. PI. Cult. 130 ; Duthie & Fuller, Field and 

 Gard.Crops i, 51, t. xiii ; Watt. E. D. ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 68. Vern. 

 Kusv/m, (Safflower). A glabrous thistle-like herb with orange-red 

 flowers. It is cultivated during the cold season in many parts of the 

 area, but chiefly in the Meerut and Eohilkhand divisions. The flowers 

 yield a beautiful pink dye, and from the seeds a valuable oil is obtained. 

 Its native country is not known for certain, as it has never been found 

 in a wild state. A. DeCandoUe mentions that the clothing of Egyp- 

 tian mummies were coloured with the safflower dye, and suggests that 

 it may have originated in Arabia. 



Cichorium Intylus, K ; F. B. I. iii, 391 ; D C. L'Orig. PI. Cult. 77 ; 

 Duthie & Fuller, Field and Gard. Crops iii, 48, t. Ixxix ; Watt E. D. ; 

 Collett Fl. Siml. 279. Vern. Easni, (Chicory or Succory).— An erect 

 more or less hispid perennial herb with bright blue or white ligulate 

 flowers arranged in terminal and axillary heads. It is cultivated to a 

 certain extent within the area and in the Punjab Plain, and is occa- 

 sionally met with as an escape. It is truly wild in Europe and is 

 believed to be indigenous also on the W. Himalaya. C. Endivia, L., is 

 the Garden Endive. 



Tarawacum officinale, "Wigg.; F.B.I, iii, 401; Watt E. D. ; Collett Fl. 

 Siml. 283. Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 69 (Dandelion).— Very common 

 throughout the Himalaya, extending from the temperate to the Alpine 

 region. This plant has been grown for many years in the Saharanpnr 

 garden as a winter crop for supplying the Medical depots in India with 

 taraxacum extract. 



LXII.-CAMPANULACEiE. 



Herbs or undershrubs, sometimes twining, often with milky juice. 

 Leaves alternate or opposite, entire or toothed, rarely lobed, exsti- 

 pulate ; the uppermost reduced to small bracts. Inflorescence axil- 

 lary or terminal, solitary subpaniculate or rRcemose i bracteoles 

 (except in Sphenoclea). Calyx inferior or superior ; limb 4'6-part., 

 usually persistent. Corolla always superior, regular or irregular, 

 tubular rotate or campanulate, lobes valvate in bud. Stamens 4-6, 

 alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted with the corolla on the 

 margin of the epigynous disk (in Sphenoclea on the corolla-tube) ; 

 anthers free or united iii a tube. Ovary 2-5-celled ; placentas in the 

 inner angle of the cell, many-ovuled. Style cylindric, stigma-lobes 

 as many as the ovary-cells. Fruit capsular or baccate (in Sphe^ 

 noclea spuriously circumsciss). Seeds many, small, ellipsoid, albu- 

 minous.— Species exceeding 1,(X)0, throughout the world. 



Corolla 2-lipped, anthers connate . . .1. Lobelia. 



