1 84 ENGINEERING FOR LAND DRAINAGE. 



largely to the beauty, value and healthfulness of a coun- 

 try residence. 



The water supply is usually taken from a well located 

 near the residence. While the supply of this well may 

 have its source in a vein of clay, and be all that is de- 

 sired in point of purity and coolness, it is subject to 

 contamination by surface and soil water which perco- 

 lates through the earth and finds lodgment in the 

 well. Some deep underdrains laid about the well will 

 prevent the pollution of the water from this source 

 where the wells are located on level or undulating 

 tracts of land. 



Drainage of Frnit Orchards, 



Much has been said and written upon the subject of 

 growth and subsequent fruitage of orchard trees in vari- 

 ous localities. That there are climatic and soil con- 

 ditions beyond our present knowledge which have a 

 bearing upon this industry cannot be denied. It has 

 been observed that orchards of apple-trees set out upon 

 land which had far from perfect drainage throve and 

 produced excellent fruit for a series of years. Later, 

 trees which were planted on an adjoining tract under 

 apparently more favorable conditions failed to make 

 satisfactory growth or to produce fruit of good quality 

 in paying quantities. 



There are examples in great number, however, which 

 show the value of underdraining fruit orchards which 

 are located upon close clay soils, or others which are 

 too wet for the growth of cereal and garden crops. 

 Fruit-trees will not grow well on wet land. The 

 drains should be placed midway between the rows of 



