320 WATER HYGIENE 
bles in the depth and reddens and then decolorizes the butt very early, 
while the upper part of the tube is unchanged except for the spreading 
surface growth. 
‘All dysentery bacilli alter the medium in the same manner as 
typhoid, yet the quantity of acid produced is small and the reddening 
is usually confined to the line of inoculation. This reaction is so char- 
acteristic that we use this medium regularly in isolating dysentery bacilli; 
in fact, the same media and technique are used for both typhoid and 
dysentery. 
“The paratyphoids leave the upper part of the medium unchanged, 
the surface growth is like typhoid but in the butt of the tube in addition 
to the reddening are found a few small gas bubbles. The only organ- 
isms which may simulate the paratyphoids are slow colons and these 
must be thrown out by agglutination tests and further observation of 
the sugar tube.” 
Kligler (1917) has stated that by adding 0.5 per cent of basic lead 
carbonate to Russell’s medium, a good differentiation between B. para- 
typht A and B. paratyhpi B may be secured. Krumwiede and Kohn 
(1917), by adding 1 per cent of sucrose to Russell’s medium found that a 
large percentage of ‘“ intermediates’ giving a typical paratyphoid 
reaction could be excluded. 
Bacillus Dysenterie. This organism may be isolated by means 
of Endo’s medium plates. It grows as colorless colonies which 
distinguishes it from other bacteria. After the use of Russell’s 
medium, agglutination reactions should be employed to confirm the 
results. 
Agglutination. The serum of a person who has had typhoid fever 
or has been immunized against this disease will cause the agglutination 
of the typhoid bacillus. This reaction is not specific, however, unless 
high enough dilutions are used to prevent the agglutination of other 
members of the colon-typhoid group. In low dilutions of serum the 
reaction is not specific for closely related bacteria. Citron (1914) 
reports the following data with regard to a strongly agglutinating typhoid 
and strongly agglutinating cholera serum. 
Of Typhoid Of Cholera 
Ageglutination Titre. Serum. Serum. 
Against typhoid. ...... .cececcececeeenececeeees ‘| 1-2000 1-10 
Against paratyphold........cc sec cece rece cece eeeees 1-100 1-10 
. Against B. cold... cece cece eee en cece e tenn naene 1~25 1—10 
Against cholera... ... cece cece ence cece cece eeeeeeee 1-10 1-3000 
