12 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
Gooseberries 
The gooseberry is not as hardy as the 
currant, but it is essentially adapted to 
a moist climate, and therefore it does 
well in the coast region. In the interior 
it will require some winter protection. 
It is not so popular as the currant, prob- 
ably because the latter is so extensively 
used for jellies, whereas gooseberries are 
usually eaten ripe or camned green. An- 
other trouble is that the gooseberry is 
difficult to propagate. It does not grow 
readily from cuttings. The best method 
is to layer the branches, and when they 
have taken root, cut them loose from the 
parent plant and set them out in nursery 
rows. They can be propagated from soft- 
wood cuttings under glass, but the aver- 
age pioneer is not prepared to do this. 
Because of the difficulty of propagating 
the gooseberry plants are priced high in 
nurserymen’s catalogues, which in a 
measure deters people from planting 
them. Nevertheless, gooseberries can be 
successfully grown in the coast regions 
of Alaska, as has been demonstrated for 
some years at the Sitka Station. The 
varieties grown are as follows: Cham- 
pion, Columbus, Industry, Red Jacket, 
Smith Improved, Triumph and White- 
smith. The Whitesmith has a large 
green berry when ripe, very juicy, and on 
account of the size of the fruit may be 
considered the best of those named. Mil- 
dew or other diseases common to the 
gooseberry in the states have given little 
trouble. The date on which the berries 
ripen varies considerably with the sea- 
son. The spring of 1912 was very early, 
and therefore the berries ripened early 
—that is, by the middle of August. In 
1911 they did not ripen until fully three 
weeks later. 
Raspberries 
All varieties of the raspberry started 
growth early and by May 1 the leaves 
were well developed. The crop of fruit 
was not as heavy as last year, however, 
nor did it show as large nor as uniform 
berries. The volcanic ash which fell 
June 7 to 11 affected the foliage unfa- 
vorably, which doubtless had much to do 
with the fruiting. The berries of all 
sorts began to ripen August 8, and they 
continued to fruit approximately for four 
weeks, The Cuthbert, all things consid- 
ered, is the best variety tried. Other 
varieties are: Miller, Turner, Fuller, 
Champion, Orange, Louden, and Super- 
lative. 
Hybrid Raspberry-Salmonberries 
Several of these hybrids which have 
been mentioned in former reports fruited 
last year, but the berries are unfortu- 
nately no improvement on those produced 
by either parent. There is a very great 
variation in the plants. They vary in 
vigor and in foliage all the way from 
the pure raspberry to the pure salmon- 
berry. The Cuthbert raspberry was the 
mother plant. Those which resemble the 
salmonberry more closely are the more 
vigorous, while those that resemble the 
raspberry are small, spindling, and appar- 
ently of no value. None of the plants are 
prolific bearers. A number of younger 
seedlings are coming on, and their be- 
havior is awaited with interest. 
GRANVILLE LOWTIIER 
ALBEMARLE Pipptn. Sce Yellow Newtown. 
Under varieties of apples to plant. 
Alcohol 
Industrial Alcohol—Sources and 
Manufacture 
The term alcohol, as used herein, sig- 
nifies that particular product which is 
obtained by fermentation and distilla- 
tion of solutions of sugar, and which is 
known to chemists as “ethyl alcohol.” It 
is a colorless and mobile liquid which 
has a peculiar “spirituous” odor and a 
sharp and burning taste. When it is left 
in a crude condition, both its odor and 
its flavor are rendered somewhat dis- 
agreeable by impurities which originate 
in the earlier stages of manufacture; but 
when it has been purified thoroughly— 
in which state it is commonly known 
as “neutral” or “cologne” spirit—it ac- 
quires a distinctly agreeable smell. It 
mixes freely with water, in all propor- 
tions; and, as is well known, it is the 
essential intoxicating ingredient of all 
