APPLES 59 
9. The Pears (EHupirus), with pear- 
shaped fruit, containing granular flesh; 
leaves simple. 
3. The Beam-Trees (Aria), with pear- 
shaped or globose fruit, containing gran- 
ular flesh; leaves simple. 
4. The Chohe-Berries (Aronia), with 
berry-like, pear-shaped, or globose fruits, 
and simple leaves. 
5. The Dwarf-Apples (dlicromeles), 
with small apple-like, two to three celled 
fruits, and simple leaves. 
6. The Mountain Ashes (Sorbus), with 
berry-like mostly three-celled fruits, and 
compound leaves. 
Here the species of the first sub-genus 
only will be noticed, inasmuch as they 
alone are properly entitled to the name 
“Apple.” All the species considered are 
of more or less horticultural interest. 
The Apple Species 
SEcTION 1. Calyx-lobes persistent upon 
the ripe fruit; styles five; fruits five- 
celled. 
A. Leaves folded in the bud, more or 
less pinnately lobed; flowers white or 
pink; trees more or less thorny. 
1. Eastern Apple (Pirus coronaria L.) 
Leaves ovate to triangular-ovate, sharply 
cut-serrate, and often three-lobed; twigs 
and leaves soon smooth; flowers on 
smooth pedicels; ripe depressed globose, 
yellow-green, one to one and one-half 
inches in diameter. A shrub & to 10 feet, 
or small tree 20 to 30 feet high. Native 
of North America, from New York to 
Michigan, and south to Georgia and Ala- 
bama, and frequently planted for orna- 
mental purposes. 
2. Prairie Apple (Pirus ioensis [Wood] 
Bailey). Leaves elliptic-oblong to ovate- 
oblong; irregularly and obtusely toothed; 
twigs and under surface of leaves white- 
woolly; flowers on white-woolly pedicels; 
ripe fruit depressed-globose, yellow-green, 
one to two inches in diameter. A shrub 
or tree like the preceding. Native of the 
Mississippi valley. This is probably the 
parent form of the “Soulard Crab,’ which 
Professor Bailey has described as P. sou- 
lardi. 
3. Southern Apple (Pirus augustifolia 
Ait.). Leaves lanceolate-oblong, coarsely 
and bluntly toothed, twigs and leaves 
soon smooth; flowers on smooth pedicels; 
ripe truit depressed-globose, yellow-green, 
three-fourths to one inch in diameter. A 
shrub or tree like the preceding, native 
from. Pennsylvania to Florida, and west 
to the Mississippi valley, and frequently 
planted for ornamental purposes. 
It is probable that the three foregoing 
species are but geographical varieties of 
one species, as they show easy gradations 
trom one to the other The Prairie apple 
appears to be the most valuable, and as 
a consequence it is the most promising 
as a stock for the development of cul- 
tivated varieties, 
B. Leaves rolled in the bud. not lobed. 
(a.) Fruit crowned by the calyx lobes 
only (not by a tube). 
4, Smooth Wild Apple (Pirus silves- 
tris [Mill.] Koch). Leaves ovate, cre- 
nate, when young hairy, when old smooth, 
or nearly so; twigs at first sparsely 
hairy, becoming smooth, flower-stalk and 
calyx mostly smooth; fruit yellowish or 
reddish, three-fourths inch in diameter 
on a stalk about as long, very sour and 
bitter. A tree 25 to 30 feet high, native 
of Central Europe. 
5. Hairy Wild Apple (Pirus malus L.). 
Leaves ovate or elliptical, crenate, more 
or less hairy, as are the twigs also; 
flower stalk and calyx white-woolly; fruit 
longer than its stalk, larger than the 
preceding, from sour to sweet. Two quite 
well marked wild varieties are commonly 
recognized as follows: 
var. dasyphylla, a tree of moderate size 
with horizontal branches, bearing large 
leaves (8 to 4 inches long and 2 to 2% 
broad). Native of the Orient. 
var. pumila, a shrub or small tree, na- 
tive of Southeast Russia, the Caucasus, 
Tartary, etc. From this variety have 
come the dwarf apple known as Paradise 
and Doucain apples, so frequently used 
by propagators for dwarfing the larger 
cultivated sorts. 
This species with its varieties appears 
to have given rise to most of the culti- 
vated apples of the world. It is doubt- 
ful whether the preceding species (P. 
silvestris) should be kept distinct from 
