60 
P. malus. They appear to freely inter- 
eross and produce gradations from one 
type to the other. 
The cultivated varieties as the Bald- 
win, Jonathan, Ben Davis, Grimes’ 
Golden, are what the botanist calls ‘“hor- 
ticultural varieties,’ which differ from 
varieties in the botanical sense by being 
less stable. A botanical variety will re- 
produce itself from seed, but these “hor- 
ticultural varieties” will not do so. And 
yet the two differ only in degree, not in 
kind. The horticultural variety is a 
slight temporary variation which will 
easily lose its identity, while the bo- 
tanical variety is the same in kind, but 
with such stability that it reproduces 
itself year by year from the seed. 
The extremely variable character of 
this species may be inferred from the 
statement made by Professor Bailey that 
the horticultural varieties undoubtedly 
reach 4,000 or 5,000.* Downing gives 
descriptions of 1,900 varieties, and the 
American Pomological Society’s list in- 
cludes 369. 
(b) Fruit covered by a short fleshy 
calyx tube, bearing the calyx lobes. 
6. Chinese Apple (Pirus spectabdilis 
Aiton). Leaves elongated - elliptical, 
smooth; flower-stalk and  ecalyx-tube 
hairy; fruit about as Jong as its stalk 
(one inch), yellowish. A tree 20 to 25 
feet high, native of China and Japan, 
often found in cultivation, with much 
“doubled” flowers. 
7. Ringo Apple (Pirus ringo Sei- 
bold.). Leaves ovateelongated, sharp 
serrate, at first hairy below, but eventu- 
ally smooth; flower-stalk and calyx white- 
woolly; fruit wax-yellow with a reddish 
tinge, one to one and one-half inches in 
diameter, stalk about as long. A small 
tree nine to ten feet high, native of 
Japan. Occasionally cultivated for orna- 
mental purposes. 
8. Large Siberian Apple (Pirus pru- 
nifolia Willd.). Leaves ovate, elongated 
or elliptical, smooth below, on long peti- 
oles; flower-stalk and calyx hairy or 
smooth; fruit wax-yellow, in red and even 
black, one to one and one-half inches or 
*See the article “Apple” in the new edition 
of Johnson's Cyclopedia, 18938, pp. 260-261. 
co 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
more in diameter, stalk about as long or 
longer. A tree 25 to 30 feet high, native 
of Northern China, Tartary, and South. 
ern Siberia. This is the parent torm of 
the larger cultivated crab apple, such as 
the Transcendent, Hyslop, etc 
Srotion 2. Calyx-lobes falling off after 
blossoming; styles three to five; fruits 
three to five-celled. 
A. Leaves rolled in the bud. 
9. Small Siberian Apple (Puorus ba. 
cata L.) Leaves elongated-ovate, smooth, 
as are the twigs also; flowerstalk and 
calyx smooth; fruit small, one-third to 
three-fourths inch, yellow or red, on a 
much longer slender stalk (one to one 
and one-half inches). A tree 25 to 30 
feet high, native of the Himalayas, Amur, 
China, and Siberia. This is the parent 
form of the smaller cultivated crab ap- 
ples, as the Red Siberian Crab, etc 
B. Leaves folded in the bid. 
10. Toringo Apple (Pirus  toringo 
Koch). Leaves small, ovate or elongated, 
three to five-lobed; flower stalk and calyx 
sparingly hairy, or smooth; fruit small 
spherical, one-fourth inch in diameter, on 
along stalk. A small tree 12 feet high, 
native of Japan, occasionally planted for 
ornamental purposes. 
11. Oregon Apple (Pirus rivularis 
Dougl.). Leaves ovate-lanceolate, smooth 
and firm, dark green, serrate; flower- 
stalk and calyx somewhat hairy, or 
smooth; fruit on long stalks obovate ob- 
long, one-half to three-fourths inch long, 
from yellowish-green to yellow and even 
red, flavor “a pleasant sub-acid.” <A tree 
30 to 40 feet high, native of the Pacific 
coast of North America from California 
to Alaska, This species should receive 
the attention of the scientific horticul- 
turists of the western coast states. 
Remarks on the Foregoing Species 
From this view of the species noticed 
above it is seen that three are natives 
of Eastern North America, one of West- 
ern North America, two of Europe, three 
of China and Japan, and two of the Si- 
berian region. Of these we have brought 
into cultivation for their fruits one 
species from Hastern North America, one 
or two from Europe, and two from the 
Siberian region. The species from China 
