APPLES 89 
Stayman Winesap Soils 
This variety seems to succeed well on 
loams and heavy, fine sandy loams with 
subsoils of loam or light clay loam. It 
does well in parts of Pennsylvania, but 
does not do well on the Porter’s clay 
loam of Porter’s clay of Virginia, where 
the Albemarl Pippin succeeds so admir- 
ably. 
Wagener Soils 
The tree is weak in growth, hence a 
soil that is deep, strong, mellow and 
loamy, should be selected. Stiff subsoils 
are especially objectionable. 
Jonathan Soils 
The tree is weak in growth and should 
be planted on a rich deep, mellow soil. 
Ben Davis and Gano Soils 
These varieties show less effect from 
variation in the soils upon which they 
grow than any other varieties observed. 
There are differences to be noted in the 
quality of the fruit on account of the 
soil and climate, yet it will stand more 
neglect than any other variety and still 
bear fruit. From Canada to Alabama 
these apples have numerous advocates. It 
seems to be especially adapted to the 
Ozark region, although in the Appalachian 
region growers believe they grow a finer 
quality of Ben Davis than in the Ozarks. 
Yellow Newtown Albemarle Pippin Soils 
The Yellow Newtown has always beer 
regarded as exacting in soil requirements 
and climatic environments. Great stress 
has been laid on this point in Virginia, 
where it has received the local name of 
Albemarle Pippoin. An ideal soil for this 
variety in Virginia consists of dark 
brown, heavy. mellow loam, to a depth of 
twelve inches, which grows gradually 
heavier to twenty-four inches, where it 
becomes a clay loam. This clay loam, 
however, is not stiff. Heavier soils are 
also adapted to this variety, if there is 
sufficient vegetable matter to render 
them friable. This is very noticeable with 
Porter’s clay. Such soils, rich in plant 
food and retentive of moisture, furnish 
ideal conditions for this variety, which 
requires a luxuriant growth of tree to 
produce the crisp grain, and delicate 
flavor of fruit, as well as profitable yield. 
So well did the Yellow Newtown thrive 
in the protected coves of the Porter's 
series in Virginia, where the leaves and 
vegetable debris had collected for so long 
that the surface material was black to a 
general depth of several inches and to 
a depth of several feet in particular cases, 
that 1t was only natural in the course of 
time for the idea to prevail that a great 
accumulation of organic matter in the soil 
was a preliminary essential for the suc- 
cess of this variety. But later investiga- 
tions have shown that areas of Porter’s 
loam and Porter’s clay, not rich in veg- 
etable matier have produced good re- 
sults, and the habit of growing legumi- 
nous crops and the application of stable 
manure, has proven to be as effective as 
the original black soil. A good Rhode 
Island Greening soil is also well adapted 
to Newtowns. 
Winesap Soils 
The Winesap is a standard variety in 
Virginia and the Southern Appalachians— 
an apple of good quality that responds 
readily to favorable conditions of soil and 
treatment and also brings surprisingly 
good returns under neglect. The soil 
need not be as rich as for the Yellow 
Newtown because the presence of too 
much organic matter detracts from the 
color, yet the tendency of this variety to 
produce fruit under size makes desirable 
a soil as rich as may be without affecting 
the color. The Porter’s loam produces 
apples of this variety of very fine quality. 
In the Valley of Virginia the Haggers- 
town loam, on the Peidmont Plain the 
Cecil loam, and the limestone soils, are 
now producing good Winesaps. In the 
southern end of the Appalachians in 
Northern Alabama, the Clarksville loam 
is well adapted to this variety. 
SELECTING THE LAND 
In buying land the fruit grower should 
remember that he is buying its fertility, 
or its power to produce crops. He is 
buying not only crude earth, but all the 
forces above the soil as well as in it, that 
are needed to transform the crude ele- 
ments into fruit. He should consider, 
therefore: First, the atmospheric condi- 
tions (elevation, exposure, etc.) ; and, sec- 
