106 
Summary 
A summary of this subject may be given 
to aid the reader in reaching a final con- 
clusion in the selection of a site for a 
home or commercial orchard. 
Soil Conditions 
Professor William Stuart, of Vermont, 
recommends for that section a gravelly 
loam or limestone soil well drained, on 
an eastern or northeastern exposure. 
Professor C. D. Jarvis, Storrs, Conn.: 
“The ideal soil in Connecticut is a sandy 
or gravelly loam with gravelly subsoil.” 
G. F. Powell, New York: “Clay-sand- 
loam is excellent. Subsoil should not be 
hard pan.” 
Professor W. N. Hutt, Raleigh, N. C.: 
“Mountain coves are ideal for orchards 
because they have plenty of humus and 
nitrogen.” 
Professor J. D. Moore, Madison, Wis.: 
“Clay loam is excellent if not too heavy. 
The top soil is not so important if under- 
laid with pervious limestone subsoil. Gray- 
elly subsoil would be second choice.” 
Professor G. R. Bliss, Ames, Iowa, says: 
“In this state the white oak soil is well 
adapted for orchards. Loose prairie soil 
is also good as the roots permeate it read- 
ily. Black prairie soils rich in nitrogen 
cause an excess of wood and leaf growth 
and lessen the production of fruit buds, 
making the tree liable also to winter in- 
jury.” 
Professor F. H. Ballou, Wooster, Ohio: 
“Potassium, phosphorous and nitrogen in 
the quantities furnished by decaying veg- 
etation, especially the legumes, give the 
best ration.” 
G. B. Brackett, Washington, D. C.: 
“Wood growth is strong on loamy soils 
and liable to winterkill. Clay produces 
hardy trees. Clay top and free subsoil 
give excellent results. Cleared forest 
lands preferable.” 
Professor Ernest Walker, Fayetteville, 
Ark.: “The orchard should have good 
drainage, deep soil, and plenty of lime or 
limestone.” 
Bulletin No. 112, Baton Rouge, La.: 
“The difficulty in Louisiana is that there 
is so much moisture and fertility that or- 
chards tend to produce too much wood 
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 
growth. The higher clevations ang 
heavier soils are bette: than the lower 
elevations and lighter orchard soils” 
Professor H. C. Thompson, Agricultura] 
College, Mississippi: “A deep rich clay 
with but little nitrogen should be ge. 
lected. Soils very rich in nitrogen pro. 
duce too much wood growth.” 
Professor Fabian Garcia, Santa Fe, N. 
M. says that the adobe soil in that coun. 
try is not good, but that a good strong 
loam to a depth of six or seven teet un- 
derlaid with adobe is an ideal situation. 
Professor R. W. Fisher, Bozeman, 
Mont.: “Loam, moist but well drained, 
deep and composed of limestone, granite, 
or volcanic ash with plenty of humus is 
best.”’ 
Professor J. R. Shinn, Moscow, Idaho: 
“The soil best adapted is one from which 
native forests have been cleared. It 
should have good water drainage, good 
texture and be rich in plant food. Tule 
should supply drainage if natural drain- 
age is wanting.” 
Weather Conditions 
Professor C. D. Jarvis, Storrs, Conn, 
says that on account of the purer air and 
brighter sunshine fruit that is giown on 
the higher elevations is better. A south- 
ero slope offers relatively more sunlight 
than any other. There is little danger 
from frosts on a southern exposure if 
proper attention is given to elevation. 
Professor W. N. Hutt, Raleigh, N. C: 
“Southern slopes always produce the rich- 
est tinted fruits, but are more subject to 
drought, and the soils are generally thin- 
ner. Western slopes are hotter than east- 
ern and the trees are more likely to sun- 
scald. The conditions that produce heavy 
timber will produce good fruit trees.” 
Professor G. B. Brackett, of the United 
States Department of Agriculture thinks 
that an eastern or northeastern exposure 
is better than any other. 
Professor J. G. Moore, Madison, Wis:: 
“Avoid pockets and small valleys not 
open to air drainage at the lower end of 
the valley. Near large bodies of water 
the best results are obtained by having 
the orchard exposure in the direction of 
the water.” 
