APPLES 
entire cost of clearing the 18 tracts com- 
prising 150 acres was $11,782.50 and the 
whole number of stumps removed 4,633. 
Gasoline Engines 
Small gasoline engines hitherto tried 
have proven unsatisfactory. 
Burning 
All ordinary methods of burning have 
proved unsatisfactory for the reason that 
they burn off the top of the stump leav- 
ing the roots in the ground. 
The Blowing Machine 
Outfits of this kinds cost from $350 to 
$500 complete and consist of gasoline en- 
gine, blower and distributer with lines of 
hose. They have not proven efficient on 
account of cost of operation and the 
fact that they do not burn the roots out 
deeply enough. 
Char Pitting 
This method is best employed late in 
the summer on at least one year old 
Fig. 11. A Stump, with the Bark Removed, 
Ready for Char Pitting. 
Fig. 18. Kindling Covered with Ferns to Pre- 
vent the Fine, Loose Earth from Sifting 
Into It. 
113 
stumps, bark having been removed in the 
spring. Fir stumps are more easily 
treated than cedar on account of the pitch 
in the roots. A clay soil is requisite for 
covering, as sand dries out and sifts down, 
putting out the fire. 
The method of char pitting is to pack 
small sticks and chunks of wood about 
the roots of the stump, cover these with 
ferns or grass to prevent the sifting of 
loose earth on to the fire, then cover 
the whole with two to three inches of 
clay packed snugly about the stump to 
prevent draft. 
Fire through a small opening and cover 
after the fire is well started. 
Stumps must be watched closely for a 
day or so, after which they will burn out 
with attention given twice a day. 
Another method is to dig, in spring or 
early summer, a hole under the stump be- 
tween two large roots large enough for 
an armful of kindling. In the fall or late 
Fig. 12. 
Kindling in Place Around the Stump. 
Fig. 14. Earth Covering in Place. Opening 
Left at Which to Light the Fire. 
