APPLES 129 
but all of them are essentially the same 
The formula which has been used for 
many years by the Horticultural Depart- 
ment of the University of Missouri and 
found to be verv satistactory, 1s as fol- 
lows 
Common 1esin 7 \bs. 
Beeswax 2 lbs 
Beef tallow 1 ib 
If this much is not desired divide each 
of the above items by two, three or four, 
as may be needed. Dissolve all of the 
ingredients in a vessel over a fire, stir- 
ring thoroughly. When they are well 
mixed, pour such of the mass as can be 
handled at one time into a tub of water, 
where it will quickly cool Grease the 
hands with tallow and gradually work 
the mass together in the water. When 
cool enough to stick together, remove 
from the water and pull like taffy candy 
until it becomes too stiff to work. The 
process should be Kept up for at least 15 
minutes, or until the mass has changed 
color, much in the same manner as mo- 
lasses candy Roll into balls four or five 
inches in diameter and store away until 
needed. It will keep indefinitely. In- 
stead of the beeswax, some people prefer 
to use paraffin. A pint of raw linseed 
oil is sometimes used instead of the tal- 
low that was recommended. 
Budding 
Apples may be propagated readily by 
budding at whatever time the bark peels 
best This date will vary from June to 
September, depending upon latitude and 
weather conditions. The work is usually 
done during August or the first week in 
September. The buds must be inserted 
in the wood thal grew the same season 
that budding is done. If the trees are 
grown from the seed they may be too 
small for budding the first season. In 
this event they should be cut back to 
the ground the next spring, and the new 
sprouts budded towards the close of the 
season. The stock is usually transplanted 
before budding. The branches of old 
trees are sometimes cut off and the new 
growth that comes out may be budded at 
the proper season. Similarly where the 
trunks of trees are cut off for the same 
purpose o:1 which have been top grafted, 
but the scions did not grow, sprouts will 
arise, which may be budded. 
Relatively speaking, apple trees are not 
budded to any great extent, as it is more 
convenient to propagate them by means 
of the root graft However, some nur- 
series make a specialty of budded trees. 
It has been claimed that budded trees are 
superior to those grown from root grafts, 
the argument being that there is no 
wound below ground, and hence the or- 
ganisms which often attack the roots of 
apple trees will cause no injury. This 
is undoubtedly partially true, although it 
is found that budded trees are attacked 
by the diseases known as ‘crown gall,” 
as well as those that have been grafted. 
As a rule budded trees make a better 
root system than piece root grafts and 
therein lies their superiority if they pos- 
sess any (Detailed statement of how 
budding is done will be found under the 
heading of Peaches.) 
Dwarf Apples 
Any of the common varieties of ap- 
ples may be grown as dwarfs, provided 
they are worked upon the Paradise apple, 
which is a natural dwarf. 
Doucin stock produces what is known 
as half-dwarf apples. Some varieties of 
apples are not adapted to being grown 
as dwarfs to any great extent in this 
country. In general, the very vigorous 
growing varieties are not adapted to be- 
ing dwarfed. The Ben Davis, it is known, 
will not dwarf successfully. 
Paradise and Doucin stock must be im- 
ported from France, Holland or Germany, 
as they are rarely propagated in this 
country. Since there is now a small de- 
mand for dwarf apple trees, the larger 
nurseries have begun to carry them in 
stock. The very large nursery firms of 
the country generally are able to supply 
small orders for Paradise or Doucin stock 
for grafting purposes. They are more 
expensive than the common stock, as the 
usual method of propagation is to mound 
up the earth around the little trees and 
permit the numerous branches to. take 
root. Then they are cut away and sold. 
On this account (being rooted branches), 
