APPLES 
Holes may be dug and trees set at once 
or stakes may be driven at the various 
marks. 
Another system of marking off squares 
is to use a common turning plow. First 
of all stakes are placed around the field 
along the boundary lines similar to that 
described for the wire method except that 
the ends of the field are staked as well as 
the sides. The first stake in each line, 
on its respective side, is placed 25 feet 
from the true corner of the field. (See 
Fig. 1, p. 156. Yoeman system.) Furrows 
are made lengthwise and crosswise in line 
with opposite stakes, the position of the 
tree being located at the intersection of 
these furrows. With a good steady-walk- 
ing team and a firm hand to hold the 
reins, rowS may be made comparatively 
straight. However, it is necessary to 
align the trees by sighting in order to 
get straight rows. The greatest endorse- 
ment that this method has is that it 
greatly facilitates the digging of holes. 
Still another method used is to locate 
stakes around the field as in the preced- 
ing case and then establish a row of 
stakes through the middle of the field 
each way in line with all side and end 
stakes respectively, but in such a man- 
ner that none of these stakes come where 
trees are to be set. After this, one man 
may stake out the orchard by himself for 
he has always two pairs of stakes running 
at right angles with each other with 
which to align himself for each row of 
trees in the orchard. Places for digging 
the holes for the trees may be readily 
located and the latter practice of using 
this system is very simple as no small 
stakes for individual trees are needed. 
Hexagon System 
Since an orchard laid out in hexagons has 
all of its trees equidistant, the first essential 
device for this work is a triangle, the length 
of each side of which is the desired dis- 
tance between two rows of trees. Usu- 
ally this triangle is constructed by the 
use of three pieces of flexible wire joined 
together at the three corners by rings one 
and one-half or two inches in diameter. 
(See Fig. 4, p. 154.) Measured .rom the 
middle of each ring, each side should cor- 
157 
respond exactly with the distance between 
the trees. A triangle constructed in this 
manner works very well on comparatively 
level ground but for sloping ground it is 
usually best to make the triangle of wood. 
Three well-seasoned 1x2-inch pine strips, 
each two inches shorter than the distance 
the trees are to be planted, are nailed 
firmly and braced together, forming an 
equilateral triangle. Care should be taken 
to have the sides of the face of this tri- 
angle on the same plane. At each corner 
of the triangle a pine board 6x6 inches is 
nailed, an inch hole is bored in each 
board in such a manner that measured 
from the center of the holes each side 
corresponds exactly with the distances the 
trees are to be planted. 
How to Use Triangle 
In using the triangle it is necessary to 
stake out one row by line at one side of 
the field, after which the triangle serves 
to locate all other stakes. Three men 
must carry the triangle, one at each ring. 
By placing two of the rings separately 
over two established stakes a third stake 
is established. This process is repeated 
until the entire field has been staked. 
Where it is desired to use hexagons on 
sloping or hilly ground a plumb-line and 
carpenter’s level must be used in connec- 
tion with the wooden triangle. Each 
time that the triangle is moved it is lev- 
eled and the plumb line hung at the cor- 
ner where the ground is lowest. By this 
method the third stake may be exactly 
located in reference to the other stakes. 
The Quincunx System and Device 
The quincunx system is only a modifica- 
tion of the square system. In placing the 
rows of stakes at the side of the field it 
is necessary to place an additional stake 
midway between each two stakes described 
in the preliminary staking for squares. 
The marked wire described for lay- 
ing out the squares has an  addi- 
tion mark or loop placed upon it, which 
measured from the loop previously de- 
scribed is half the distance that exists be- 
tween the permanent trees. In other 
words, if the permanent trees are 40 feet 
apart, then this additional mark or loop 
would be 20 feet from the end of the loop. 
